英文原文
Transactional Analysis
In the 1960's a man named Eric Berne came up with a theory about communications called transactional analysis or TA for short. In his theory Berne called communications "transactions". This theory was further described in a book called "I'm OK You're OK." by Thomas Harris. In his book Harris elaborated on Berne using a model called "Parent, Adult, Child" communications. Parent, adult and child do not have their usual meanings in this context. A basic understanding of T A can help us evaluate our communications and improve communications by being better able to deliver adult communications or "I" messages which is a type of appropriate and assertive communications we will expand on later.
A very simple explanation of TA follows.
Berne's theory of TA as refined by Harris suggested that communications can be divided into three basic types.
1. The Child Ego State. This the basic way all children enter the world. Within this state are three dimensions. 1. The free child who is fun loving, inquisitive and wanting to be liked. 2. The rebellious child 3. The manipulative child
2. The Parent Ego State. This is based on our childish understanding of parental rules and understandings. This state has two parts. 1. The critical parent 2. The loving and kind parent
3. The Adult Ego State. This is the rational part of us. The Adult Ego State functions by gathering information and making decisions based on fact. This is an objective and unemotional state. It is not a state based on years of life lived or on maturity. Children can function in the Adult Ego State.
The theory is that we have each of these states present within us all the time. Depending on the situation, we operate from one or another of the three positions. The person we are communicating to is also operating from one of the three states. Some communications can work well between states, and some work much less well.
An example might be a person who is acting angry. Most likely anger is from the "Child" state. If you want to address anger, you could begin the response to anger as a "Loving Parent" to quickly establish the communication, and then switch to an "Adult" communication to complete the response.
Here is an example of how that communication might work:
C: (Angry and rebellious) "I hate Mrs. Smith. She is always giving us more homework than any other teacher! She thinks that we have no other classes to do work in."
P: (Loving, caring and empathetic) "I know how you feel. I wish we could take more time off to play this weekend. But. ... "
A: (Objective, unemotional) "Mrs. Smith does teach calculus and it is the most difficult class I ever took. Mrs. Smith probably gives us extra work because the material is sometimes difficult."
If we were to diagram the transactions above the communication might look like this.
C: (Angry and rebellious but not sure whre the communication is going) "I hate Mrs. Smith. She is always giving us more homework than any other teacher. She thinks that we have no other classes to do work in. I never have time for myself."
P: (Loving, caring and empathetic) "I know how you feel. I wish we could take more time off to do what is important to us too, but.... "
A: (Objective and unemotional) "Mrs. Smith does teach calculus and it is the most difficult class I ever took. Mrs. Smith probably gives us extra work because the material is sometimes difficult."
This type of transactional analysis (communication study) is an excellent way of dealing with anger and other difficult situations. Sometimes it can be confusing trying to remember who (APC) you are communicating with when dealing with others so a safe rule to follow is when unsure use an adult to adult communication. It is almost never wrong. Even if the other person is acting in their parent state, an adult acting like an adult is tough to argue with.
Sometimes other people's behavior is problematic for us. Depending on the type of communicator we are, (Passive, Assertive, Aggressive) we can choose to continue allowing the problem, manage the problem, or be aggressive towards the other person.
A more assertive or adult to adult strategy is called, giving "I" messages. "I" messages are adult to adult communication. They are not intended as smart comebacks, or witty replies. It is wise to not use "I" messages when someone is in a child state, or when they are emotional or otherwise upset. Adult to adult implies that each party will think logically and act rationally.
"I" messages are a very powerful communication tool modeled on T A and taken a step further. There is a basic assumption that most communicators will be adults and will want to be adult communicators. Logic and reason are powerful persuaders, and when used result in significant behavior change and communication improvement. Even young children can learn to use "I" messages. Children can then communicate with other children in a calm manner even when they are upset about something.
The basics of "I" messages are simple. An "I" message comes in three parts. Delivering an "I" message is like following a recipe, at least at the start. Practicing the technique over time will result in being able to deliver messages with ease. But as you learn to use "I" messages it is a good idea to adhere to the following recipe!
So, use the force of the "I" message, but use the script too!
中文翻译
沟通分析
在20世纪60年代，一位名叫埃里克·伯恩的人提出了一种关于沟通的理论，称为沟通分析，简称TA。在他的理论中，伯恩将沟通称为“交易”。这一理论在托马斯·哈里斯所著的《我好-你好》一书中得到了进一步描述。哈里斯在书中使用了一个名为“父母、成人、儿童”沟通的模型来阐述伯恩的理论。父母、成人和儿童在此语境下没有其通常的含义。对TA的基本理解可以帮助我们评估自己的沟通，并通过更好地传递成人沟通或“我”信息来改善沟通，这是一种适当且自信的沟通方式，我们稍后会详细展开。
以下是TA的一个非常简单的解释。
伯恩的TA理论经哈里斯完善后提出，沟通可以分为三种基本类型。
1. 儿童自我状态。这是所有儿童进入世界的基本方式。这种状态包含三个维度。1. 自由儿童，他们热爱乐趣、好奇并希望被喜欢。2. 叛逆儿童。3. 操纵儿童。
2. 父母自我状态。这是基于我们对父母规则和理解的幼稚理解。这种状态有两个部分。1. 批判父母。2. 慈爱和善良的父母。
3. 成人自我状态。这是我们理性的部分。成人自我状态通过收集信息并基于事实做出决策来运作。这是一种客观且不带情感的状态。它不是基于生活年限或成熟度的状态。儿童也可以在成人自我状态下运作。
该理论认为，我们每个人内部始终存在这三种状态。根据情况，我们从这三种位置中的一种或另一种运作。我们与之沟通的人也正在从三种状态中的一种运作。有些沟通在状态之间可以很好地工作，有些则效果差得多。
一个例子可能是一个表现愤怒的人。愤怒很可能来自“儿童”状态。如果你想处理愤怒，你可以以“慈爱父母”开始回应愤怒，以快速建立沟通，然后切换到“成人”沟通来完成回应。
以下是这种沟通可能如何运作的一个例子：
C：（愤怒和叛逆）“我讨厌史密斯老师。她总是给我们比其他老师更多的作业！她认为我们没有其他课程要做作业。”
P：（慈爱、关心和共情）“我知道你的感受。我希望我们这个周末能有更多时间玩耍。但是……”
A：（客观、不带情感）“史密斯老师确实教微积分，这是我上过的最难的课。史密斯老师可能给我们额外作业是因为材料有时很难。”
如果我们图解上述交易，沟通可能看起来像这样。
C：（愤怒和叛逆，但不确定沟通走向）“我讨厌史密斯老师。她总是给我们比其他老师更多的作业。她认为我们没有其他课程要做作业。我从来没有时间给自己。”
P：（慈爱、关心和共情）“我知道你的感受。我也希望我们能花更多时间做对我们重要的事情，但是……”
A：（客观且不带情感）“史密斯老师确实教微积分，这是我上过的最难的课。史密斯老师可能给我们额外作业是因为材料有时很难。”
这种类型的沟通分析（沟通研究）是处理愤怒和其他困难情况的绝佳方式。有时，在与他人打交道时，试图记住你正在与谁（APC）沟通可能会令人困惑，因此一个安全的规则是，当不确定时，使用成人对成人的沟通。这几乎永远不会错。即使对方正在以父母状态行事，一个表现得像成人的成人也很难与之争论。
有时，他人的行为对我们来说是有问题的。根据我们是哪种类型的沟通者（被动、自信、攻击性），我们可以选择继续允许问题存在、管理问题或对他人采取攻击性。
一种更自信或成人对成人的策略被称为给予“我”信息。“我”信息是成人对成人的沟通。它们不是作为聪明的回击或机智的回复。当某人处于儿童状态，或者当他们情绪化或心烦意乱时，不使用“我”信息是明智的。成人对成人意味着每一方都会逻辑思考并理性行动。
“我”信息是一种非常强大的沟通工具，基于TA建模并更进一步。有一个基本假设，即大多数沟通者将是成人，并希望成为成人沟通者。逻辑和理性是强大的说服者，当使用时，会导致显著的行为改变和沟通改善。即使是年幼的儿童也可以学习使用“我”信息。儿童然后可以以冷静的方式与其他儿童沟通，即使他们对某事感到不安。
“我”信息的基础很简单。一个“我”信息由三部分组成。传递“我”信息就像遵循一个食谱，至少在开始时是这样。随着时间的推移练习这项技术将能够轻松地传递信息。但当你学习使用“我”信息时，遵循以下食谱是个好主意！
所以，使用“我”信息的力量，但也要使用脚本！
文章概要
本文介绍了沟通分析（TA）理论，由埃里克·伯恩在20世纪60年代提出，并由托马斯·哈里斯在《我好-你好》一书中发展。TA将沟通视为“交易”，并基于“父母、成人、儿童”自我状态模型。成人自我状态是理性的部分，通过收集事实信息做出客观决策，不依赖年龄或成熟度。文章通过一个愤怒学生的例子，展示了如何从慈爱父母状态开始沟通，然后切换到成人状态来处理情绪。TA强调成人对成人沟通的有效性，特别是使用“我”信息作为自信的沟通工具，可以改善行为和交流，即使在儿童中也可应用。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：想象一下，我们每个人心里都有三个小人儿：一个是像小孩一样爱玩、会生气的小人儿，一个是像爸爸妈妈一样会批评或关心别人的小人儿，还有一个是像科学家一样冷静、讲道理的小人儿。当我们和别人说话时，这些小人都可能跳出来。比如，如果你生气时像小孩小人儿，别人可以用关心小人儿安慰你，然后用讲道理小人儿帮你解决问题。这样沟通会更顺利，就像用“我”信息说话，告诉别人你的感受和想法，而不是吵架。
TA沟通分析心理学理论评价：从沟通分析心理学理论来看，本文精准地阐述了伯恩和哈里斯的核心概念，特别是成人自我状态作为理性决策的基础。成人自我状态不依赖于年龄，而是基于事实和逻辑的运作，这突显了TA的普适性和灵活性。文章通过实例展示了状态间的转换，如从儿童状态到成人状态的过渡，体现了TA在促进有效沟通中的动态性。此外，“我”信息的引入进一步强化了成人对成人沟通的实践价值，强调了自信和客观的表达方式。整体上，本文很好地诠释了TA如何帮助个体识别和调整自我状态，以优化人际互动。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：在实践上，TA可以应用于多个领域，如教育、职场、家庭关系和心理咨询。它可以解决人们的十个问题：1. 减少人际冲突，通过识别自我状态避免误解；2. 改善亲子沟通，帮助父母从批判父母转向慈爱父母；3. 提升团队合作，促进成人对成人交流以增强效率；4. 管理情绪爆发，如用成人状态应对愤怒；5. 增强自信表达，通过“我”信息避免被动或攻击性；6. 支持决策制定，在政治或商业中利用成人状态进行理性分析；7. 缓解压力，通过状态转换平衡情感和逻辑；8. 促进学习环境，教师使用TA模型帮助学生处理挫折；9. 改善伴侣关系，避免儿童或父母状态的负面互动；10. 培养儿童社交技能，教导“我”信息以平和方式表达需求。