英文原文
Transactional Analysis is first and foremost a therapeutic tool for positive change and growth. It can be used either in therapy for the individual concerned or on a more surface level for problem solving in everyday life. TA is basically the study of how people take on certain behaviors, either by accident or from their early caretakers or authority figures and then continue to play them out in their adult lives. It is a model for people to use to work towards ‘autonomy’, a place from where they can choose to live the way they want to and not to be still acting as if they are controlled by past events or messages. Transactional Analysis then is a modern psychotherapy model, which has it’s own particular language and theory of personality. It states that the person transacts with a person in certain ways, structures their time between life and death in a particular way, plays their own particular games and lives out their own unique script. An understanding of Transactional Analysis can give hope for the person in that they can change their script and choose the way they want to re-write their own life plan, without hanging on to inappropriate behaviors of the past. The creator of Transactional Analysis Was Eric Berne, a Psychiatrist and a man who was largely influenced by Freud,though by the time of his death in 1970,he had become a,in some ways, a critic of Freud. Transactional Analysis though does have its roots in Psycho dynamic theory. The personality for Transactional Analysis, for Berne, is based on the recognition of three quite different ego states, called specifically the Parent, Adult and Child. An ego state for Berne is ‘a system of feelings accompanied by related set of behaviour patterns.’ For example, spontaneous feelings, compliance and rebellion are all features of the child ego state and may be activated by the individual at any time throughout his life. Berne recognised that three such ego states must be in everyone and that together they make up the unique individuals Personality. For Berne the ego states are not roles but are phenomenological realities. Each ego state is concerned with what actually happened in the past for that person and how they acted will determine how they act in the here and now. The decisions that they made then will determine the decisions and behaviours they now make in the present. The Adult Ego State emerges around six months in the child and is concerned primarily with appraising facts, reasoning, thinking, evaluating and responding to available data. It is described by many Transactional Analysis writers like a computer, concerned only with rationality and logic. However, I think this position is some what misleading and I prefer Berne’s commentary, which describes that adult as coming from an integrated stance which does not mean that when the person activates their adult ego state he is coming from just a rational position, but that he also has access to feelings, thinking and attitudes. Indeed the person will be part of the ‘here and now’ and experiencing and coming from an integrated adult stance. The tone of voice may be measured, clear, precise, crisp, rational, logical. Words may well be very factual. ‘I see you are well, how long is it to London, what time is it, it is a fact it is cold today!’ All the above words and behaviours, will then give you some clue as to what ego state that person is operating from and thus what you can do to change the situation for yourself. However, it must be remembered that these are only some of the clues for exact ego analysis, you will need more evidence or information for a positive and accurate diagnosis. You may need to ask more historical questions and certainly, you will need to see the person in the ‘here and now’ to be certain of you analysis.
中文翻译
沟通分析心理学首先是一种促进积极改变和成长的治疗工具。它既可用于相关个体的治疗，也可用于日常生活中更表层的解决问题。沟通分析心理学基本上研究人们如何通过偶然或从早期照顾者或权威人物那里习得某些行为，然后在成年生活中继续表现出来。这是一个帮助人们朝着“自主性”努力的模型，使他们能够选择自己想要的生活方式，而不是仍然表现得像是被过去的事件或信息所控制。沟通分析心理学是一种现代心理治疗模型，拥有自己独特的语言和人格理论。它指出，人们以特定方式与他人互动，以特定方式构建生死之间的时间，玩自己特定的游戏，并活出自己独特的脚本。理解沟通分析心理学可以给人们带来希望，因为他们可以改变自己的脚本，选择重新书写自己人生计划的方式，而不必执着于过去的不当行为。沟通分析心理学的创始人是埃里克·伯恩，他是一位精神科医生，深受弗洛伊德影响，尽管到1970年去世时，他在某些方面已成为弗洛伊德的批评者。沟通分析心理学确实根植于心理动力学理论。对于伯恩来说，沟通分析心理学中的人格基于对三种截然不同的自我状态的识别，具体称为父母自我状态、成人自我状态和儿童自我状态。伯恩认为，自我状态是“伴随相关行为模式系统的感受”。例如，自发的感受、顺从和反抗都是儿童自我状态的特征，个体可能在一生中的任何时候激活它们。伯恩认识到，这三种自我状态必须存在于每个人身上，它们共同构成了独特个体的人格。对于伯恩来说，自我状态不是角色，而是现象学现实。每个自我状态都关注该人过去实际发生的事情，他们的行为方式将决定他们此时此地的行为方式。他们当时所做的决定将决定他们现在做出的决定和行为。成人自我状态在儿童大约六个月时出现，主要关注评估事实、推理、思考、评价和回应可用数据。许多沟通分析心理学作者将其描述为像计算机一样，只关注理性和逻辑。然而，我认为这种观点有些误导性，我更喜欢伯恩的评论，他将成人描述为来自一种整合的立场，这并不意味着当人激活成人自我状态时，他只是来自理性立场，而是他也能接触感受、思考和态度。确实，这个人将成为“此时此地”的一部分，体验并来自整合的成人立场。语调可能是克制的、清晰的、精确的、干脆的、理性的、逻辑的。用词可能非常事实性。“我看到你很好，到伦敦有多远，现在几点了，今天很冷是事实！”所有这些词语和行为，将给你一些线索，了解那个人正在从哪种自我状态运作，从而你可以为自己改变情况。然而，必须记住，这些只是精确自我分析的一些线索，你需要更多证据或信息来进行积极和准确的诊断。你可能需要询问更多历史问题，当然，你需要看到那个人在“此时此地”才能确定你的分析。
文章概要
本文介绍了沟通分析心理学的基本概念，特别是成人自我状态。沟通分析心理学是一种心理治疗工具，帮助人们实现积极改变和成长，通过理解父母、成人和儿童三种自我状态来促进自主性。成人自我状态关注事实评估、逻辑推理和整合感受，在解释棋盘游戏规则等日常情境中，使用清晰、理性的语言和事实性描述，有助于有效沟通和问题解决。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：沟通分析心理学就像是我们心里有三个小人在说话。一个是“父母小人”，总是告诉你应该做什么；一个是“儿童小人”，让你想玩就玩、想哭就哭；还有一个是“成人小人”，它最聪明，会冷静地看事实、想问题。比如在玩棋盘游戏时，“成人小人”会帮你仔细看规则、算分数，而不是像“父母小人”那样命令别人，或者像“儿童小人”那样乱来。这样大家就能玩得更开心、更公平啦！
TA沟通分析心理学理论评价：从沟通分析心理学理论来看，这篇文章精彩地阐述了成人自我状态的核心功能。伯恩将成人自我状态定义为一种整合的立场，它不仅涉及理性逻辑，还整合了感受和态度，这体现了沟通分析心理学对人格完整性的深刻理解。文章强调成人自我状态在“此时此地”的运作，这与沟通分析心理学关注当下互动和自主性的理念高度一致。成人自我状态作为处理事实和数据的能力，是促进健康沟通和个人成长的关键，展现了沟通分析心理学在帮助个体摆脱过去脚本、实现积极改变方面的强大潜力。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：在实践上，成人自我状态可以应用于多个领域，例如教育、职场、家庭关系和日常社交。具体可以解决人们的十个问题包括：1. 在棋盘游戏或团队活动中，清晰解释规则，减少误解和冲突；2. 在工作会议中，理性分析数据，做出明智决策；3. 在学习时，专注思考问题，提高效率；4. 在家庭讨论中，避免情绪化争吵，促进和谐沟通；5. 在购物时，比较产品信息，做出合理选择；6. 在规划旅行时，评估行程安排，确保顺利出行；7. 在解决纠纷时，客观看待事实，达成公平解决方案；8. 在健康管理中，理解医学建议，采取正确行动；9. 在时间管理中，优先处理任务，提升生产力；10. 在个人成长中，反思自身行为，培养自主性和责任感。通过激活成人自我状态，人们能够更有效地应对各种情境，实现积极的生活改变。