英文原文
The treatment contract is an element that distinguishes transactional analysis from other therapeutic approaches. It is a specific agreement between a therapist and a client to accomplish clearly stated goals. Berne (quoted by Stewart and Joines, 1987) defined a contract as an explicit bilateral commitment to a well-defined course of action. James and Jongeward’s (1973, page 47) definition explains contracts further – “A contract is an Adult commitment to one’s self and/or someone else to make a change.” Contracts specify following concerns: Who both parties are? What will they do together? How long this will take? What is the outcome of working together? How will they know when they have gotten there? How will that be beneficial to the client? In TA practice, therapist distinguishes three kinds of contracts: business contract, treatment contract and working agreements (Woolams and Brown, 1978). A business contract outlines boundaries between a client and a therapist and makes explicit what can be expected. Steiner (1971) outlined four essential components: mutual consent, valid consideration, competency and lawful object. Mutual consent means that both parties voluntary enter into a therapeutic relationship. Valid consideration is about putting mutual value into the work. Usually, it means that a therapist will put knowledge, skills and expertise, together with a safe place to assist a client in meeting own therapeutic goals. Simultaneously, a client will pay fee by financial means or any other in advance agreed means. Competency means that both a therapist and a client must be competent to be involved in this particular kind of relationship. Competency also means that both parties have ability of cathecting the Adult ego state in a process of making a contract or during therapeutic treatment. Lawful object means that a therapist and a client will work together exclusively using legal and ethical means to obtain their results. Life position “I am OK, you are OK” is a basis of a therapeutic work. A therapist and a client are equal and share responsibility for the change the client wants to make. To make it meaningful, both parties need to be clear about the nature of the change and contribution that each will invest in achieving it. All ulterior messages exchanged between them should be exposed because (Stewart and Joines, 1987) it helps both to stay out of the Drama Triangle and prevents them of playing games. It is tempting to therapists to solve clients’ problems by making assumptions about proper goals for them to achieve. That arrogant position brings a therapist to the Rescuer or even Persecutor role. Gouldings (1976) said that working without contract might mean that therapist becomes “the rapist”. Treatment contracts are made from two alert and informed Adults with a full support of Free Child. If the contract is made from Adapted Child it will further a client’s (and sometimes a therapist’s) script. The main component of an effective contract is in which a client positions himself or herself in one of OK positions (2 and 4) from a list below (Woolams and Brown, 1978). A client can continue to do what she/he is doing now and feel not-OK about it, A client can continue to do what she/he is doing now and feel OK about it, A client can do something different and feel not-OK about it., A client can do something different and feel OK about it., It is important to have a contract clarified since it can be an indication that both counsellor and client work toward the same goal. The contract can enrich the therapeutic process. Clients usually tend to put an effort into process of change and they are motivated and energetic about it. If achievable goals were set, a client’s self esteem will be increased. Having contracts means working on goals rather than a problem, employing available resources from all ego states. Gellert and Wilson (1978, page 11) wrote an excellent literature overview of various aspects of the goal setting and the theory of aspirations. “When a client establishes a goal (makes a contract) the client sets up in himself a system of psychological tension that will aid him in recall of pertinent early scenes so as to achieve closure, and that the tension will remain until closure, even though the task is interrupted, so that the client will continue to work even though the therapy session may be over”. The research done by Ferdinand Hope (quoted by Gellert and Wilson, 1978) proved that a subjective success led to an increase in a level of aspiration and a sense of failure led to lowering a level of aspiration. In his findings a level of aspiration was never lowered after success or raised after failure. Berne (1978) also stated: “A winner is someone who succeeds in what he says he is going to do. A loser is someone who fails to accomplish what he sets out to do. The third available type of contract that a therapist may agree with a client is so-called, working agreement. It is consider as a subcontract and it always states intentions of behaviour. It differs from the treatment contract in that it may come from any ego state, it may contradict the main treatment goal and provide a short-term protection. The usual example of the working agreement will be giving homework to clients and their responsibility will be to report on own success. The best use of working agreement has been seen with suicidal clients who will agree on not hurting themselves while making redecision. It is a therapist’s task to invite the client to move from “a working agreement to a treatment contract and then to a redecision as soon as possible.” (Woolams and Brown, 1978, page 256). Counsellors often use all three types of contracts and they find them useful and commitment enhancing. A sense of achievement is sometimes very powerful and provokes further actions. By having contracts, a safe place is created, there is no confusion, and there are no questions about roles and aims of seeing each other regularly. Counsellors occasionally work without a contract having a good reason for that. If someone has a strongly developed Adapted Child and not much available Adult, making a contract may just further the script. The Adapted Child will follow the contract or will sabotage it and either may serve to reinforce the script. With clients who have strong Adapted Child, counsellors initially work on decontamination. Once the client has enough available Adult, therapists proceed to negotiate the contract.
中文翻译
治疗合同是沟通分析区别于其他治疗方法的一个要素。它是治疗师和来访者之间为实现明确陈述的目标而达成的具体协议。伯恩（由Stewart和Joines于1987年引用）将合同定义为对一个明确定义的行动过程的明确双边承诺。James和Jongeward（1973年，第47页）的定义进一步解释了合同——“合同是成人对自己和/或他人做出改变的承诺。”合同具体规定了以下关注点：双方是谁？他们将一起做什么？这将需要多长时间？合作的结果是什么？他们将如何知道何时达到目标？这对来访者有何益处？在TA实践中，治疗师区分三种类型的合同：商业合同、治疗合同和工作协议（Woolams和Brown，1978年）。商业合同概述了来访者和治疗师之间的界限，并明确了可以期待的内容。Steiner（1971年）概述了四个基本组成部分：相互同意、有效对价、能力和合法目的。相互同意意味着双方自愿进入治疗关系。有效对价是关于在工作中投入相互价值。通常，这意味着治疗师将投入知识、技能和专业知识，以及一个安全的环境，以帮助来访者实现自己的治疗目标。同时，来访者将通过财务手段或任何其他事先约定的方式支付费用。能力意味着治疗师和来访者都必须有能力参与这种特定类型的关系。能力还意味着双方在制定合同或治疗过程中都有能力投入成人自我状态。合法目的意味着治疗师和来访者将专门使用合法和道德的手段来获得他们的结果。生活立场“我好，你好”是治疗工作的基础。治疗师和来访者是平等的，并共同承担来访者想要做出的改变的责任。为了使它有意义，双方需要清楚改变的性质以及每个人为实现它而投入的贡献。他们之间交换的所有隐藏信息都应该被揭露，因为（Stewart和Joines，1987年）这有助于双方避免陷入戏剧三角形，并防止他们玩游戏。治疗师很容易通过假设来访者应该实现的适当目标来解决他们的问题。这种傲慢的立场会使治疗师陷入拯救者甚至迫害者的角色。Gouldings（1976年）说，没有合同的工作可能意味着治疗师成为“强奸者”。治疗合同是由两个警觉和知情的成人，在自由儿童的全力支持下制定的。如果合同是由适应儿童制定的，它将进一步强化来访者（有时是治疗师）的脚本。有效合同的主要组成部分是来访者将自己定位在以下列表中的OK位置之一（2和4）（Woolams和Brown，1978年）。来访者可以继续做现在正在做的事情并对此感觉不好，来访者可以继续做现在正在做的事情并对此感觉好，来访者可以做不同的事情并对此感觉不好，来访者可以做不同的事情并对此感觉好。澄清合同很重要，因为它可以表明咨询师和来访者朝着相同的目标努力。合同可以丰富治疗过程。来访者通常倾向于在改变过程中付出努力，他们对此有动力和精力。如果设定了可实现的目标，来访者的自尊心将会提高。拥有合同意味着致力于目标而不是问题，利用所有自我状态的可用资源。Gellert和Wilson（1978年，第11页）撰写了一篇关于目标设定和抱负理论各个方面的优秀文献综述。“当来访者确立一个目标（制定合同）时，来访者在自己内部建立了一个心理紧张系统，这将帮助他回忆相关的早期场景以实现闭合，并且这种紧张将持续到闭合，即使任务被中断，因此来访者将继续工作，即使治疗会话可能已经结束”。Ferdinand Hope（由Gellert和Wilson于1978年引用）进行的研究证明，主观成功导致抱负水平提高，而失败感导致抱负水平降低。在他的发现中，抱负水平在成功后从未降低，在失败后从未提高。伯恩（1978年）也指出：“赢家是成功完成他所说要做的事情的人。输家是未能完成他打算做的事情的人。治疗师可能与来访者达成的第三种可用合同类型是所谓的工作协议。它被视为一个子合同，并且总是陈述行为意图。它与治疗合同的不同之处在于，它可能来自任何自我状态，它可能与主要治疗目标相矛盾，并提供短期保护。工作协议的常见例子是给来访者布置家庭作业，他们的责任是报告自己的成功。工作协议的最佳使用见于有自杀倾向的来访者，他们会在做出重新决定时同意不伤害自己。治疗师的任务是邀请来访者从“工作协议转向治疗合同，然后尽快转向重新决定。”（Woolams和Brown，1978年，第256页）。咨询师经常使用所有三种类型的合同，并发现它们有用且能增强承诺。成就感有时非常强大，并能激发进一步行动。通过拥有合同，创造了一个安全的环境，没有混淆，也没有关于定期见面的角色和目标的疑问。咨询师偶尔在没有合同的情况下工作，有充分的理由。如果某人有一个强烈发展的适应儿童而没有太多可用的成人，制定合同可能只会进一步强化脚本。适应儿童将遵循合同或破坏它，任何一种都可能用来强化脚本。对于有强烈适应儿童的来访者，咨询师最初致力于去污染。一旦来访者有足够的可用成人，治疗师就继续协商合同。
文章概要
本文介绍了沟通分析（TA）中的合同概念，强调其作为治疗师与来访者之间明确协议的重要性，以达成具体目标。文章详细阐述了三种合同类型：商业合同、治疗合同和工作协议，并基于关键词“Adult ego state in legal reasoning and contract negotiations”，重点讨论了成人自我状态在法律推理和合同谈判中的作用。合同需要双方在成人自我状态下制定，确保能力、合法性和相互同意，避免陷入戏剧三角形或游戏。文章还探讨了合同如何增强治疗过程、提高自尊，并应用于法律和谈判领域，解决实际问题。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：想象一下，你和朋友一起做一个项目，比如建一个乐高城堡。你们先商量好谁做什么、用什么零件、多久完成，这就是一个“合同”。在心理治疗中，治疗师和来访者也这样签合同，确保大家都清楚目标，比如变得更开心或学会处理压力。合同帮助大家用“成人”的理智部分来合作，避免吵架或误解，就像在游戏中公平竞争一样。
TA沟通分析心理学理论评价：从沟通分析心理学角度看，本文深刻阐述了合同在治疗中的核心作用，体现了成人自我状态的主导性。合同作为明确的双边承诺，促进了“我好，你好”的生活立场，强化了治疗关系的平等性和责任感。通过区分商业合同、治疗合同和工作协议，文章展示了如何利用成人自我状态进行理性决策，避免适应儿童或父母自我状态的干扰，从而防止戏剧三角形和游戏行为。这符合TA理论中强调的自我状态平衡和脚本改变原则。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：合同概念可广泛应用于职场沟通、法律谈判、教育辅导和人际关系管理。具体可解决以下十个问题：1. 在职场中明确职责和目标，减少冲突；2. 在法律谈判中确保条款公平和双方同意；3. 在教育中帮助学生设定学习目标，提高动力；4. 在家庭中改善沟通，避免误解；5. 在团队合作中分配任务，增强效率；6. 在个人发展中制定计划，实现自我成长；7. 在冲突调解中建立共识，促进和解；8. 在心理咨询中设定治疗目标，提升效果；9. 在商业合同中规范行为，防止欺诈；10. 在社会交往中建立信任，强化合作关系。