英文原文
Behaviour change in individuals and organisations | Health Knowledge
This section covers behaviour change in individuals and organisations. For behaviour change in terms of health improvement see 2H Principles and Practice of Health Promotion Health Promotion Models and Theories. However it may be useful to consider these health promotion theories in trying to understand how individuals behave within organisations a manager who is trying to guide individuals through a change process in an organisation is essentially trying to change those individuals’ behaviour.
Understanding Individuals Transactional Analysis
Transactional analysis is based on psychoanalysis and considers an individual’s behaviour in terms of their unconscious ego state. In order to understand how this works consider the following questions have you ever thought that you were communicating in one way and later learned that you were perceived in a completely different way have you ever asked a question at a meeting and then felt about two years old have you ever told someone off and then felt like kicking yourself for it later have you ever used the same technique to get what you want from your boss that you used as a child do you often find yourself being defensive about your ideas or point of view do you feel that you have to take care of too many people who should be taking care of themselves do you see yourself as calm cool and collected most of your working day do you suddenly have a bright idea that seems to solve a problem Everyone has experienced some of these feelings or situations at some time or other. What you may not realise is that these feelings are related to different parts of your personality.
Transactional Analysis TA was developed by Dr Eric Berne in the 1950s and can be used to analyse the structure of your personality using a simple and common sense approach.
Ego states
According to Transactional Analysis we can observe quite distinct types of behaviour which seem to come from different sources within ourselves. These three ego states are called parent adult child.
The Parent
This state contains the attitudes feelings and behaviour incorporated from external sources primarily parents. In outward behaviour it is divided into two parts nurturing parent concerned with caring loving helping controlling parent criticising censoring punishing.
When in your parent state you respond automatically almost as if you had a tape recording playing in your head. Everyone has Parent tapes some are helpful they enable us to carry out routine tasks automatically without having to think too much about them. Other tapes can create problems if a Parent tape is triggered automatically in an inappropriate situation.
The Adult
The state has nothing to do with the person's age. It contains those behaviours concerned with collecting information organising and analysing. It operates dispassionately and without emotion.
The Child
This state contains all the impulses that come naturally to an infant. But just as the Parent has different aspects so does the Child. The Child develops into three parts the Natural Child Adapted Child and Little Professor.
Natural Child is spontaneous energetic curious loving and uninhibited the part of you that feels free and loves pleasure. In the natural child you transact freely and openly with others. It is just like the new born baby that responds with love and affection when its needs are met and angry rebellion when they aren't. Many adults repress their natural Child and exaggerate the Parent. Adapted Child your Adapted Child developed when you learned to change adapt your feelings and behaviour in response to the world around you. Learned feelings of guilt fear depression anxiety envy and pride are all characteristic of the Adapted Child. It is through such adaptations that we become socialised and learn for example to share to take turns and be friendly. We must learn these skills to get along socially saying please thank you and I'm sorry. The Adapted Child can become the most troublesome part of our personality.
In the Adapted Child state people often react to external demands by complying sulking avoiding situations.
It is the Adapted Child that may try to please everyone turn its back on people with problems put off work until a deadline passes.
It is the part of us that may feel not OK see OK corral below if we are frightened of speaking before a group depressed when someone criticises our work hurt when things don't go our way at a meeting anxious when important deadlines confront us.
Little Professor is the thinking part of the Child it is creative intuitive and manipulative. The Little Professor can dream up new ideas intuitively sense how to solve a problem imagine new ideas.
It is the part that knows when to cry when to look pathetic or winsome to get what it wants.
Recognising Ego States
With a little practice and basic understanding of the Parent Adult Child states PAC outlined above it is not too difficult. Once you begin to identify your own ego states it is easy to recognise the PAC states of others.
The following table may help you to begin the process of recognising ego states.
Controlling parent Nurturing parent Adult Natural child Adapted child Little professor
Words Bad should ought don't Good nice well done How why who yes no Fun want mine Can't wish please thank you I've got an idea
Gestures Postures Pointing finger pounding table shaking head Open arms Straight posture level eye contact Energetic loose limbed Slumped dejected nail biting Batting eyelashes
Tone of voice Sneering condescending Loving encouraging concerned Calm clear even confident Loud free Whining sulking defiant Teasing
Facial expression Scowl hostile disapproving Smiling Thoughtful alert eyes Joyful twinkling eyes Fearful pouting Wide eyed innocent
How to use Ego states
It is possible not only to recognise ego states but also to develop the ability to switch ego states at will moving from a caring parent to an analytical adult to a fun loving child without too much difficulty. Some people find this easier than others. Often people have favourite ego states and tend to stick with those. For example some people are always criticising or helping people the constant parents some people continually analyse and prefer facts to feelings the constant adults some people operate with strong feelings all the time they are consumed with anger aggression or guilt looking for kicks or feeling helpless the constant child.
Transactions
A transaction is an exchange between two people. In a transaction each person speaks from one of their three ego states and it is this inter-relationship between ego states which is the focus of Transactional Analysis.
To be successful transactions must be complimentary if they are crossed then the conversation either changes its nature or ends often abruptly.
Stroking
A stroke is a stimulation one person gives to another and exchanging strokes is one of the most important activities people engage in. It may or may not involve physical touching. The need for stroking develops from infancy when most strokes are physical. For adults physical stroking is replaced by symbolic stroking such as praise or criticism. Since we all have a basic need for strokes we will work hard to get them either positive warm fuzzy or negative cold prickly any stroke is better than no stroke at all
Yet it is positive strokes that develop emotionally healthy people with a feeling of confidence in themselves and trust in others.
Your pattern of giving and receiving strokes is often conditioned by what kind of strokes you received as a baby and child. If you were used to negative strokes being smacked criticised and shouted at you will probably go on looking for and giving negative strokes.
Life positions
There are four psychological positions our position usually reflects our experiences as a baby and young child and the strokes or lack of strokes we received from parents teachers and other adults.
The OK Corral
I'm OK You're not OK I'm OK You're OK I'm not OK You're not OK I'm not OK You're OK
I'm OK You're OK Most constructive position accepts own worth and that of others. People here are happy productive energetic and are at peace with themselves.
I'm not OK You're OK Many people develop this position because of the subtle cold pricklies as a child let your brother do that for you don't worry if you can't do it those nasty shoelaces let me tie them
Grownups who adopt this position often feel inadequate and compare themselves unfavourably to others. They seek approval from others unnecessarily and admire them enormously.
I'm OK You're not OK Some children develop this position because their parents treat them as if they are always right. Such children develop a false sense of power and superiority over their parents and others. They don't accept responsibility for their problems and project blame on to others.
I'm not OK you're not OK Children develop this position if parents ignore them put them down and give them lots of cold pricklies. The I'm not OK position develops first only later do children decide that their parents are being unkind unfair or even cruel. This position is very difficult and can in extreme cases lead to suicide or murder. Fortunately most people adjust their position to I'm OK You're not OK blaming the other party.
Most of us do not consistently act from a single life position and our positions can change from situation to situation.
Games people play
Game players usually assume one of three basic roles victim persecutor rescuer.
persecutors are people who make unrealistic rules enforce rules in cruel ways pick on little people rather than people their own size victims are people who provoke others to put them down use them or hurt them send helpless messages forget conveniently act confused rescuers are people who offer an unreal helpfulness to keep others dependant on them don't really help others and may actually dislike helping work to maintain the victim role so they can continue to play rescuer
The Kaplan triangle Players of games often switch back and forth in their roles e.g. the person playing victim may tire of it and suddenly become the persecutor. Karpman 1968.
Some common games to put people down blemish if it weren't for you to put down ourselves wooden leg kick me stupid
Blemish
The office nit-pickers they pick on small inconsequential details. They bicker and quibble over trifles when more important matters need attention. The payoff is a false sense of superiority that comes when the victim feels uncomfortable inadequate or angry.
If it weren't for you/him/it/them/her IFWFY
The people who play IFWFY often unconsciously feel incapable or inadequate. Rather than admit these feelings they blame others for their situation. They find one scapegoat after another. The payoff comes when the person who starts the game collects feelings of self-righteousness and purity while the victim who is blamed feels bad.
Wooden legs
These players want to be excused from work and responsibility. They often have a burden such as physical or social handicap but they take advantage of this and use it to excuse themselves.
I'm too short I've never done that before I come from a poor home I've always had a bad memory
Players either put themselves down or see themselves as unnecessarily fragile or dependant. They use this to dishonestly manipulate others who are doing their work.
Kick me
Here players provoke other people to put them down by drinking taking drugs violating company policies or procedures doing sloppy work consistently missing deadlines
Kick me players like being kicked it’s what they have learned to expect and accept.
Stupid
A special type of kick me putting brains down. Players compulsively make mistakes so that they can make a fuss and proclaim how could I have done such a stupid thing Where was I when they passed out the brains
The Five Drivers
1. Be perfect primary fear loss of control assets purposeful moral very high standards task-orientated logical liabilities depression rage critical autocratic dogmatism bigotry distress caused by other people’s perceived low standards loss of control illogicality over-emotionalism from other people failure to achieve goals reduction of stress in self be willing to appreciate all values rank the importance of personal values and respond appropriately raise consciousness of self-righteousness and respond directly from own feelings rather than parentally. Cultivate laughter at the nature of own obsessions. reduction of stress in others reassure them that they are not to blame be punctual never discount their worries tease playfully express your own values with conviction confront gently firmly and calmly show appreciation of their achievements e.g. That report you procured was excellent give them the facts do not force them to talk about their emotions but show appreciation when they do.
2. Be strong primary fear rejection assets self-sufficiency helpfulness and consideration of other’s needs reliability stoicism I'll do it on my own liabilities loneliness coldness aloofness invulnerability to others distress caused by being forced to say what they feel exposing their vulnerability reduction of stress in self learn to take as well as give be willing to express your own needs and risk rejection reduction of stress in others praise for consideration and kindness give an unexpected treat do not be effusive use irony I must say you are the MOST unreliable person don't force others into expressions of vulnerability do not shout give others space and time to be on their own if you want something done give clear instructions
3. Please primary fear being blameworthy distress caused by being ignored being criticised assets pleasant as possible to everyone law abiding helpfulness generosity ability to nurture enjoyment of people liabilities rescuing uses clichés passive aggressiveness self-righteousness lack of consideration for the individuality of others reduction of stress in self accept responsibility for what to do and what you do to others listen to others allow yourself and others to develop autonomy reduction of stress in others thank people politely for their help stay near the surface of communication never lose your temper with them if you are angry express your feelings politely confront with patience give no strokes for clichés stroke abundantly for authentic communication let them see your automatic response stroke for being the person they are. I really enjoy working with you. It's lovely having you in the team.
4. Try hard primary fear failure and success assets intense committed to righting wrongs on the side of the underdog often a worker for political or other causes passionate takes on lots of tasks willingly sets high goals very hard worker persistent liabilities often leaves tasks unfinished high goals are often not reached pugnacity aggression arrogance blaming external circumstances for failures distress caused by being criticised for not caring or for being irresponsible being told you're not trying perceived irresponsibility in others reduction of stress in self don't use the word try say instead I will or I won't before you take on extra work check that it is realistic for you to do so. If your schedule is full decide what you will give up in order to take on the new job. Check also that you want to do it as opposed to believing that you ought to. be willing to distinguish between the things you can and cannot change stop comparing yourself to others create standards for yourself which are not related to others start NOW not tomorrow change hostile pugnacity to enthusiastic commitment reduction of stress in others ignore competitiveness never let them off what they have committed themselves to do. If you do the implication is that you don't expect them to succeed do not stroke for trying stroke for finishing
5. Hurry up primary fear life assets liveliness adventurousness responsiveness and sensitivity to other feelings excited life and soul of party enthusiasm speed ability to do lots of things at once liabilities anxiety hostility emotional greed passive resistance self-destructiveness distress caused by time to think silence reduction of stress in self learn to love life for its own sake develop a belief system realise that you do not need to earn love start giving ahead of getting be on time express appreciation make lists create structures and order despite how you feel about them reduction of stress in others praise for efficiency enjoy their spontaneity never be intimidated by their outbursts don't stroke for speed or for the ability to do several things at once stroke for taking time
Drivers
Words Body language
Be perfect Primary fear loss of control Perfect/worthless clean/dirty tidy/untidy should/shouldn't obviously as it were depression believe of course exactly actually precisely it's not my fault Precision over-qualification won't be interrupted itemising and numbering of points while talking purses bottom lip between forefinger and thumb
Be strong Primary fear rejection Strong/weak boring pull yourself together I don't care no comment vulnerable it’s no good getting upset/crying over spilt milk you don't appreciate what I am saying Over-straight back legs crossed apparently in Adult while actually in Adapted Child pulls socks up lack of lines on face
Please me Primary fear found to be blameworthy Dear really nice pleasant bastard y'know I mean please yourself embarrassed super you misunderstand me Nods head raises eyebrows looks away runs fingers through hair horizontal lines on forehead questioning inflexion
Try hard Primary fear failure and success Try could/couldn't impossible inferior/superior fail/succeed I don't know it's hard lucky/unlucky I'm better than not as good as you/him/her Sitting forward elbows on knees chin in hand puzzled look asks more than one question at a time does not answer questions stutters
Hurry up Primary fear life Hurry up panic anxiety energy tired crazy time it's pointless it's futile Brows knotted into vertical lines between the eyes speaks rapidly and interrupts him/herself and others fidgety breathless eyes shifty taps fingers or feet
Source Klein M. Lives People Live A Textbook of Transactional Analysis. Chichester John Wiley 1980
Setting up the drivers
Adults have the job of ensuring the children grow up to be able to take their place in as happy and fulfilling a way as possible. So they give children guidelines about values to help them understand how to do this. However the children are unable to understand the complexities of the guidelines and convert the instructions into rules. These rules become rigid repetitive patterns of thought feeling and behaviour which tend to take over in times of stress.
Five values
Values passed on by... Messages which result in..... Drivers
Achievement autonomy success being right Don't make a mistake take risks be natural be childlike Be perfect
Consideration kindness service Don't be assertive be important be different say no Please
Courage strength reliability Don't show your feelings give in ask for help Be strong
Persistence patience determination Don't be satisfied relax finish Try hard
Speed efficiency responsiveness Don't take long think relax waste time Hurry up
References Berne E. 1973 What Do You Say After You Say Hello New York Grove Press. Berne E. 1964.Games People Play. New York Grove Press Kahler T. 1979. Process Therapy in Brief. Human Development Publication. Karpman S.E. 1968. Funny tales and script drama analysis. Transactional Analysis Bulletin. AOW 7 26 38. Klein M. 1988. How to be happy though human. Transactional Analysis Journal 17 4. Klein M. 1980. Lives People Live A Textbook of Transactional Analysis. Chichester John Wiley.
中文翻译
个人与组织的行为改变 | 健康知识
本节涵盖个人与组织的行为改变。关于健康改善方面的行为改变，请参阅2H健康促进原则与实践健康促进模型与理论。然而，在尝试理解个人在组织中的行为时，考虑这些健康促进理论可能很有用；试图引导个人通过组织变革过程的管理者本质上是在试图改变这些个人的行为。
理解个人沟通分析心理学
沟通分析心理学基于精神分析，从个体无意识的自我状态角度考虑其行为。为了理解其工作原理，请考虑以下问题你是否曾以为自己在以一种方式沟通，后来却发现自己被以完全不同的方式感知你是否曾在会议上提问后感觉自己像两岁小孩你是否曾责备某人，后来却想踢自己一脚你是否曾使用与童年时相同的技巧从老板那里得到你想要的东西你是否经常发现自己为自己的想法或观点辩护你是否觉得你必须照顾太多本应照顾自己的人你是否认为自己大部分工作日都冷静、酷且镇定你是否突然有一个似乎能解决问题的好主意每个人都曾在某个时候经历过其中一些感受或情况。你可能没有意识到的是，这些感受与你个性的不同部分相关。
沟通分析心理学由埃里克·伯恩博士在20世纪50年代发展，可用于以简单和常识性的方法分析你的个性结构。
自我状态
根据沟通分析心理学，我们可以观察到相当不同类型的行为，这些行为似乎来自我们内部的不同来源。这三种自我状态称为父母成人儿童。
父母自我状态
这种状态包含从外部来源（主要是父母）吸收的态度、感受和行为。在外在行为中，它分为两部分养育型父母关心、爱护、帮助控制型父母批评、审查、惩罚。
当你处于父母自我状态时，你会自动回应，几乎就像你脑海中有一盘录音带在播放。每个人都有父母录音带有些是有帮助的它们使我们能够自动执行常规任务，而不必过多思考。其他录音带可能会造成问题如果父母录音带在不适当的情况下被自动触发。
成人自我状态
这种状态与人的年龄无关。它包含那些与收集信息、组织和分析相关的行为。它不带感情地、没有情绪地运作。
儿童自我状态
这种状态包含婴儿自然产生的所有冲动。但正如父母有不同的方面，儿童也是如此。儿童发展成三个部分自然儿童、适应型儿童和小教授。
自然儿童是自发的、精力充沛的、好奇的、有爱的、不受抑制的，是你感到自由和热爱快乐的部分。在自然儿童中，你自由而开放地与他人交流。就像新生儿一样，当需求得到满足时，它以爱和情感回应，当需求未满足时，则以愤怒的反抗回应。许多成年人压抑他们的自然儿童并夸大父母自我状态。适应型儿童你的适应型儿童是在你学会改变（适应）你的感受和行为以回应周围世界时发展起来的。习得的罪恶感、恐惧、抑郁、焦虑、嫉妒和自豪感都是适应型儿童的特征。正是通过这些适应，我们变得社会化，并学会例如分享、轮流和友好。我们必须学习这些技能以在社会中相处说请、谢谢和对不起。适应型儿童可能成为我们个性中最麻烦的部分。
在适应型儿童状态中，人们通常通过顺从、生闷气、回避情境来应对外部要求。
适应型儿童可能试图取悦每个人、对有问题的人置之不理、拖延工作直到截止日期过去。
它是我们的一部分，如果我们害怕在团体前发言、当有人批评我们的工作时感到沮丧、当会议中事情不按我们的方式进行时感到受伤、当重要截止日期来临时感到焦虑，可能会感到不好（见下面的OK围栏）。
小教授是儿童的思考部分它是创造性的、直觉的和操纵性的。小教授可以想出新的想法、直觉地感知如何解决问题、想象新的想法。
它是知道何时哭泣、何时显得可怜或迷人以获得想要的东西的部分。
识别自我状态
通过一点练习和对上述父母成人儿童状态PAC的基本理解，这并不太难。一旦你开始识别自己的自我状态，就很容易识别他人的PAC状态。
下表可能帮助你开始识别自我状态的过程。
控制型父母养育型父母成人自然儿童适应型儿童小教授
词语坏、应该、应当、不要好、不错、做得好如何、为什么、谁、是、不有趣、想要、我的不能、希望、请、谢谢我有个主意
手势姿势指指点点、敲桌子、摇头张开双臂笔直姿势、平视目光接触精力充沛、四肢放松垂头丧气、咬指甲眨眼睛
语气讥讽、居高临下爱护、鼓励、关心平静、清晰、平稳、自信大声、自由抱怨、生闷气、挑衅戏弄
面部表情皱眉、敌意、不赞成微笑思考、警觉的眼睛快乐、闪烁的眼睛恐惧、撅嘴睁大眼睛、无辜
如何使用自我状态
不仅可以识别自我状态，还可以培养随意切换自我状态的能力从关怀的父母到分析性的成人，再到爱玩的儿童，没有太大困难。有些人觉得这比其他人更容易。通常人们有偏爱的自我状态并倾向于坚持这些。例如有些人总是批评或帮助人恒定的父母有些人不断分析，更喜欢事实而非感受恒定的成人有些人一直以强烈的感受运作他们被愤怒、攻击性或罪恶感吞噬寻找刺激或感到无助恒定的儿童。
交流
交流是两个人之间的交换。在交流中，每个人从他们的三种自我状态之一发言，而正是自我状态之间的这种相互关系是沟通分析心理学的焦点。
要成功，交流必须是互补的如果它们交叉，那么对话要么改变性质，要么结束通常突然地。
安抚
安抚是一个人给予另一个人的刺激，交换安抚是人们从事的最重要的活动之一。它可能涉及也可能不涉及身体接触。对安抚的需求从婴儿期发展而来，那时大多数安抚是身体的。对于成年人，身体安抚被象征性安抚如赞扬或批评所取代。既然我们都有对安抚的基本需求，我们将努力获得它们要么积极的（温暖模糊的）要么消极的（寒冷刺痛的）任何安抚都比没有安抚好
然而，正是积极的安抚培养出情感健康的人，对自己有信心并信任他人。
你给予和接受安抚的模式通常取决于你作为婴儿和儿童时接受了什么样的安抚。如果你习惯了消极的安抚被打、被批评、被大喊大叫你可能继续寻找并给予消极的安抚。
人生地位
有四种心理地位我们的地位通常反映我们作为婴儿和幼儿的经历，以及我们从父母、老师和其他成年人那里得到的安抚或缺乏安抚。
OK围栏
我好你不好我好你好我不好你不好我不好你好
我好你好最具建设性的地位接受自己的价值和他人的价值。这里的人快乐、高效、精力充沛，并与自己和平相处。
我不好你好许多人发展出这种地位是因为童年时微妙的寒冷刺痛让你哥哥帮你做别担心如果你做不到那些讨厌的鞋带让我来系
采用这种地位的成年人通常感到不足，并将自己与他人不利地比较。他们不必要地寻求他人的认可并极大地钦佩他们。
我好你不好一些儿童发展出这种地位是因为他们的父母对待他们好像他们总是对的。这样的儿童发展出一种虚假的权力感和对父母及他人的优越感。他们不接受自己问题的责任，并将责任投射到他人身上。
我不好你不好如果父母忽视他们、贬低他们并给他们很多寒冷刺痛，儿童会发展出这种地位。我不好地位首先发展，只有后来儿童才决定他们的父母不友善、不公平甚至残忍。这种地位非常困难，在极端情况下可能导致自杀或谋杀。幸运的是，大多数人调整他们的地位为我好你不好，责怪对方。
我们大多数人并不始终从单一的人生地位行动，我们的地位可以因情境而异。
人们玩的游戏
游戏玩家通常扮演三种基本角色之一受害者、迫害者、拯救者。
迫害者是那些制定不切实际规则、以残酷方式执行规则、欺负小人物而不是同等大小的人的人受害者是那些挑衅他人贬低他们、利用他们或伤害他们、发送无助信息、方便地忘记、表现得困惑的人拯救者是那些提供不真实的帮助以保持他人依赖他们、并不真正帮助他人甚至可能不喜欢帮助、努力维持受害者角色以便他们可以继续扮演拯救者的人
卡普曼三角游戏玩家经常在他们的角色之间切换例如扮演受害者的人可能厌倦了它，突然变成迫害者。卡普曼1968。
一些常见游戏贬低他人瑕疵如果不是因为你贬低自己木腿踢我愚蠢
瑕疵
办公室吹毛求疵者他们挑剔无关紧要的细节。当更重要的事情需要关注时，他们为琐事争吵和狡辩。回报是当受害者感到不舒服、不足或愤怒时产生的虚假优越感。
如果不是因为你/他/它/他们/她IFWFY
玩IFWFY的人通常无意识地感到无能或不足。他们不承认这些感受，而是责怪他人他们的处境。他们找到一个又一个替罪羊。回报发生在发起游戏的人收集到自以为是和纯洁的感受，而受害者（被责怪的人）感到糟糕时。
木腿
这些玩家想被免除工作和责任。他们通常有负担如身体或社会障碍但他们利用这一点并用它来为自己开脱。
我太矮了我以前从未做过那个我来自贫困家庭我一直记性不好
玩家要么贬低自己，要么认为自己不必要地脆弱或依赖。他们用这不诚实地操纵那些在做他们工作的人。
踢我
这里玩家通过饮酒、吸毒、违反公司政策或程序、做马虎工作、一贯错过截止日期来挑衅他人贬低他们
踢我玩家喜欢被踢这是他们学会期待和接受的。
愚蠢
一种特殊类型的踢我贬低智力。玩家强迫性地犯错误，以便他们可以大惊小怪并宣称我怎么会做这么愚蠢的事情分发大脑时我在哪里
五大驱力
1. 要完美主要恐惧失去控制资产有目的、道德、非常高标准、任务导向、逻辑负债抑郁、愤怒、批评、专制、教条主义、偏执痛苦由他人感知的低标准、失去控制、不合逻辑、他人过度情绪化、未能实现目标引起自我减压愿意欣赏所有价值观、排列个人价值观的重要性并适当回应、提高自以为是意识并直接从自己的感受回应而非父母式。培养对自己强迫性质的笑声。他人减压向他们保证他们不应受责备、守时、从不轻视他们的担忧、戏谑地开玩笑、以信念表达自己的价值观、温和坚定平静地对抗、欣赏他们的成就例如你准备的那份报告非常出色给他们事实不要强迫他们谈论他们的情绪但当他们谈论时表示欣赏。
2. 要坚强主要恐惧拒绝资产自给自足、乐于助人和考虑他人需求、可靠、坚忍、我自己来做负债孤独、冷漠、疏远、对他人无懈可击痛苦由被迫说出他们的感受、暴露他们的脆弱性引起自我减压学会接受和给予、愿意表达自己的需求并冒被拒绝的风险他人减压赞扬考虑和善意、给予意想不到的款待不要过分热情使用讽刺我必须说你是最不可靠的人不要强迫他人表达脆弱性不要大喊给他人空间和时间独处如果你想完成某事给出清晰的指示。
3. 取悦主要恐惧被责备痛苦由被忽视、被批评引起资产尽可能对每个人愉快、守法、乐于助人、慷慨、培养能力、享受与人相处负债拯救、使用陈词滥调、被动攻击、自以为是、缺乏对他人个性的考虑自我减压接受对自己所做和对他人的责任倾听他人允许自己和他人发展自主性他人减压礼貌感谢人们的帮助停留在沟通表面永远不要对他们发脾气如果你生气礼貌地表达你的感受耐心对抗不要为陈词滥调给予安抚为真实沟通大量安抚让他们看到你的自动回应为他们是他们自己而安抚。我真的很喜欢和你一起工作。团队里有你真好。
4. 努力尝试主要恐惧失败和成功资产强烈、致力于纠正错误、站在弱势一边、通常是政治或其他事业的工人、热情、愿意承担许多任务、设定高目标、非常努力工作、坚持负债经常未完成任务、高目标经常未达到、好斗、攻击性、傲慢、责怪外部环境失败痛苦由被批评不关心或不负责、被告知你没有尝试、感知他人不负责任引起自我减压不要使用尝试这个词而是说我会或我不会在你承担额外工作之前检查对你来说是否现实。如果你的日程已满决定你将放弃什么以承担新工作。还要检查你是否想做而不是相信你应该做。愿意区分你能改变和不能改变的事情停止与他人比较为自己创造与他人无关的标准现在开始而不是明天将敌意好斗转变为热情承诺他人减压忽视竞争性永远不要让他们摆脱他们承诺要做的事情。如果你这样做暗示你不期望他们成功不要为尝试给予安抚为完成给予安抚。
5. 赶快主要恐惧生活资产活泼、冒险、回应和敏感于他人感受、兴奋、派对的灵魂、热情、速度、同时做许多事情的能力负债焦虑、敌意、情感贪婪、被动抵抗、自我毁灭痛苦由有时间思考、沉默引起自我减压学会为生活本身而爱生活发展一个信念系统意识到你不需要赢得爱开始给予先于获得守时表达感激列清单、创造结构和秩序尽管你对它们的感觉他人减压赞扬效率享受他们的自发性永远不要被他们的爆发吓倒不要为速度或同时做多件事的能力给予安抚为花时间给予安抚。
驱力
词语身体语言
要完美主要恐惧失去控制完美/无价值、干净/脏、整洁/不整洁、应该/不应该、显然、可以说、抑郁、相信、当然、确切、实际上、精确、不是我的错精确、过度资格、不会被中断、说话时列举和编号要点、用食指和拇指捏住下唇
要坚强主要恐惧拒绝强/弱、无聊、振作起来、我不在乎、无可奉告、脆弱、为打翻的牛奶难过/哭泣没有用、你不理解我在说什么过度挺直的背、交叉双腿、表面上在成人状态而实际上在适应型儿童状态、拉袜子、脸上缺乏皱纹
取悦我主要恐惧被发现应受责备亲爱的、真的吗、不错、愉快、混蛋、你知道、我的意思是、请自便、尴尬、超级、你误解我点头、扬起眉毛、看向别处、用手指梳理头发、额头水平皱纹、疑问语调
努力尝试主要恐惧失败和成功尝试、能/不能、不可能、劣等/优等、失败/成功、我不知道、很难、幸运/不幸、我比你/他/她好/不如坐着前倾、肘部放在膝盖上、手托下巴、困惑表情、一次问多个问题、不回答问题、口吃
赶快主要恐惧生活赶快、恐慌、焦虑、能量、累、疯狂、时间、无意义、徒劳眉毛在眼睛之间皱成垂直线、说话快并打断自己和他人、坐立不安、气喘吁吁、眼神闪烁、敲手指或脚
来源克莱因M. 人们过的生活沟通分析心理学教科书。奇切斯特约翰·威利1980
建立驱力
成年人有责任确保儿童成长，能够以尽可能快乐和充实的方式占据他们的位置。所以他们给儿童关于价值观的指导，帮助他们理解如何做到这一点。然而，儿童无法理解指导的复杂性，并将指示转化为规则。这些规则成为僵化、重复的思维、感受和行为模式，在压力时往往接管。
五大价值观
价值观由...传递信息导致.....驱力
成就、自主、成功、正确不要犯错、冒险、自然、孩子气要完美
考虑、善意、服务不要自信、重要、不同、说不取悦
勇气、力量、可靠不要展示你的感受、屈服、寻求帮助要坚强
坚持、耐心、决心不要满足、放松、完成努力尝试
速度、效率、回应不要花长时间、思考、放松、浪费时间赶快
参考文献伯恩E. 1973 你说完你好后说什么纽约格罗夫出版社。伯恩E. 1964.人们玩的游戏。纽约格罗夫出版社卡勒T. 1979. 简短过程治疗。人类发展出版物。卡普曼S.E. 1968. 有趣的故事和剧本戏剧分析。沟通分析心理学公报。AOW 7 26 38. 克莱因M. 1988. 如何尽管是人类而快乐。沟通分析心理学杂志17 4. 克莱因M. 1980. 人们过的生活沟通分析心理学教科书。奇切斯特约翰·威利。
文章概要
本文从沟通分析心理学角度探讨个人与组织的行为改变，重点介绍了自我状态（父母、成人、儿童）、交流、安抚、人生地位、游戏和五大驱力等核心概念。文章强调成人自我状态在理性决策和健康习惯养成中的作用，并结合关键词成人自我状态与身体健康维护常规，说明如何通过识别和运用自我状态来促进积极行为改变，特别是在组织管理和个人健康管理中的应用。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容
这篇文章就像在讲我们心里住着三个小人儿爸爸妈妈、大人和小孩。爸爸妈妈小人儿有时候会照顾我们，有时候会批评我们；大人小人儿很冷静，喜欢收集信息和思考；小孩小人儿爱玩，但也会因为害怕而躲起来。当我们想养成好习惯，比如每天运动或吃健康食物时，可以让大人小人儿出来帮忙，因为它能理性地做计划，而不是被爸爸妈妈小人儿的唠叨或小孩小人儿的偷懒影响。这样，我们就能更容易地坚持健康生活啦！
TA沟通分析心理学理论评价
从沟通分析心理学理论来看，这篇文章精彩地展示了自我状态框架在理解行为改变中的核心作用。成人自我状态作为理性、信息驱动的部分，在健康维护常规中扮演关键角色，它能够超越父母自我状态的自动化反应和儿童自我状态的情绪化冲动，促进基于证据的决策。文章通过五大驱力等概念，进一步揭示了内在驱动力如何影响自我状态的切换，为