英文原文
Effective Control of Household Pests Information for Older Adults and Their Caregivers Responsible pesticide use is an important issue across generations. Older adults may be more susceptible to the effects of exposure to pesticides because of age-related changes in how the body processes chemicals. Using an integrated pest management system can help you avoid unnecessary use of pesticides. Did you know that eight out of ten U.S. households use pesticides both indoors and outside their homes? Examples of pesticides in common use include cockroach sprays and baits, termite control products, rat poison, flea and tick sprays and powders, weed killers, bug sprays, and kitchen and bath disinfectants. Environmental Hazards of Pesticides Exposure to high levels of pesticides, usually due to improper application of a product, may lead to acute effects such as headaches, dizziness, muscle twitching, weakness, and nausea. Long-term and/or excessive exposure to some pesticides has been linked to cancer, reproductive effects, and effects on the central nervous system. Preventing Exposure Grandparents can play an important role in keeping children safe by placing hazardous pesticides out of reach. Emergency room surveys suggest that children under age six are more likely to be poisoned while visiting grandparents where poisons are more likely to be in reach and without child-resistant closures than when in their own homes. In addition, while older adults account for only 2.8% of reported poisoning incidents, they account for 5.9% of all cases with a moderate to major medical outcome and 28% of deaths. If you or a family member shows symptoms of having been poisoned, call the National Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222 What You Can Do to Control and Reduce Exposure to Pesticide Hazards Tips for home pesticide use Read the label. The pesticide label is your best guide for safe and effective use of pesticides. If you have impaired vision, ask for assistance. Store pesticides only in their original containers. Never use an empty pesticide container for another purpose. Use a community disposal program in your neighborhood. Check with your local solid waste management authority, environmental agency, or health department to find out if your community has a hazardous waste disposal program. If not, carefully follow the disposal instructions on the label. Never use outdoor-pesticides indoors. Keep people and pets away from areas where pesticide sprays and foggers are applied. Read the label to determine when it is safe for people or pets to re-enter the area. Avoid spraying where you prepare or store food, and avoid treating entire floors, walls or ceilings. Limit pesticide applications to infested areas and use only the amount recommended on the product label. Avoid applying pesticides outdoors on a windy day. Before spraying close the doors and windows of your home. After applying a pesticide, wash any parts of your body or clothes that might have come in contact with the pesticide. Use Integrated Pest Management (IPM) — Avoid Unnecessary Use of Pesticides The US EPA recommends using an overall pest management strategy, often called “integrated pest management (IPM)” for control of pests in homes or apartment buildings. IPM is a pest management system that combines non-chemical control strategies with less toxic pesticide use minimizing risk to human health and the environment. For example, you might use traps, baits and gels instead of sprays to control pests. IPM minimizes health risks for susceptible populations, such as older adults. Learn More About EPA’s Aging Initiative EPA’s Aging Initiative is working to protect older adults from environmental health risks through the coordination of research, prevention strategies and public education. Visit www.epa.gov/aging. For more information on pesticides, call 703-305-5017 or visit our web site at www.epa.gov/pesticides.
中文翻译
家庭害虫有效控制信息面向老年人及其照顾者负责任地使用杀虫剂是一个跨代的重要问题。老年人可能更容易受到杀虫剂暴露的影响，因为与年龄相关的身体处理化学物质的方式发生了变化。使用综合害虫管理系统可以帮助您避免不必要的杀虫剂使用。您知道吗？美国十分之八的家庭在室内和室外都使用杀虫剂。常用杀虫剂的例子包括蟑螂喷雾和诱饵、白蚁控制产品、老鼠药、跳蚤和蜱虫喷雾和粉末、除草剂、驱虫喷雾以及厨房和浴室消毒剂。杀虫剂的环境危害暴露于高水平的杀虫剂，通常是由于产品使用不当，可能导致急性效应，如头痛、头晕、肌肉抽搐、虚弱和恶心。长期和/或过度暴露于某些杀虫剂与癌症、生殖效应和中枢神经系统效应有关。预防暴露祖父母可以通过将危险杀虫剂放在儿童够不到的地方，在保护儿童安全方面发挥重要作用。急诊室调查表明，六岁以下儿童在祖父母家中毒的可能性更高，因为那里的毒物更容易被触及且没有儿童安全盖，相比之下在自己家中中毒的可能性较低。此外，虽然老年人仅占报告中毒事件的2.8%，但他们占所有中度至重度医疗结果病例的5.9%和死亡病例的28%。如果您或家人出现中毒症状，请拨打国家毒物控制中心电话1-800-222-1222。您可以采取的措施来控制并减少暴露于杀虫剂危害家庭使用杀虫剂的提示阅读标签。杀虫剂标签是您安全有效使用杀虫剂的最佳指南。如果您视力受损，请寻求帮助。仅将杀虫剂储存在原始容器中。切勿将空的杀虫剂容器用于其他目的。使用您所在社区的处置计划。咨询当地固体废物管理机构、环境机构或卫生部门，了解您的社区是否有危险废物处置计划。如果没有，请仔细遵循标签上的处置说明。切勿在室内使用室外杀虫剂。让人们和宠物远离施用杀虫剂喷雾和雾化剂的区域。阅读标签以确定何时可以安全让人或宠物重新进入该区域。避免在准备或储存食物的地方喷洒，并避免处理整个地板、墙壁或天花板。将杀虫剂施用限制在受侵扰区域，并仅使用产品标签上推荐的量。避免在有风的日子在室外施用杀虫剂。喷洒前关闭家中的门窗。施用杀虫剂后，清洗可能接触过杀虫剂的身体部位或衣物。使用综合害虫管理（IPM）——避免不必要的杀虫剂使用美国环保署建议使用整体害虫管理策略，通常称为“综合害虫管理（IPM）”，用于控制家庭或公寓楼中的害虫。IPM是一种害虫管理系统，结合非化学控制策略和毒性较低的杀虫剂使用，以最小化对人类健康和环境的风险。例如，您可以使用陷阱、诱饵和凝胶代替喷雾来控制害虫。IPM最小化易感人群（如老年人）的健康风险。了解更多关于环保署老龄化倡议的信息环保署老龄化倡议通过协调研究、预防策略和公共教育，致力于保护老年人免受环境健康风险。访问www.epa.gov/aging。有关杀虫剂的更多信息，请致电703-305-5017或访问我们的网站www.epa.gov/pesticides。
文章概要
本文讨论了家庭害虫控制中杀虫剂的安全使用，特别关注老年人及其照顾者。文章指出，老年人因身体处理化学物质的能力下降，更容易受到杀虫剂暴露的危害。文章提供了预防暴露的实用建议，如阅读标签、安全储存和处置杀虫剂，并推荐使用综合害虫管理（IPM）策略来减少杀虫剂使用，从而保护健康和环境。文章还强调了祖父母在保护儿童安全方面的作用，并提供了中毒应急联系方式。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容这篇文章就像一本安全手册，告诉我们怎么用杀虫剂才不会伤害到自己和家人。它说，老年人身体处理化学物质的能力变弱了，所以更容易中毒。我们可以通过读标签、把杀虫剂放好、不乱用室外杀虫剂来保护自己。还有一个好办法叫综合害虫管理，就是用陷阱和诱饵代替喷雾，这样更安全。如果中毒了，要马上打电话求助。
TA沟通分析心理学理论评价从TA沟通分析心理学角度看，这篇文章体现了成人自我状态在家庭害虫控制中的应用。成人自我状态以理性、客观和解决问题为导向，文章通过提供事实数据（如美国80%家庭使用杀虫剂）、科学解释（如老年人易感性）和具体行动步骤（如阅读标签、使用IPM），引导读者做出明智决策。这有助于避免父母自我状态的过度控制或儿童自我状态的冲动行为，促进安全行为。文章强调责任和预防，符合成人自我状态的适应性功能。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题。应用领域包括家庭安全、老年护理、儿童保护、环境教育和公共卫生。可以解决的问题1. 帮助老年人安全使用杀虫剂，减少中毒风险。2. 指导照顾者保护老年人免受环境危害。3. 教育祖父母如何设置安全环境，防止儿童中毒。4. 促进家庭采用综合害虫管理，降低健康风险。5. 提高公众对杀虫剂标签重要性的认识。6. 支持社区建立危险废物处置计划。7. 减少因不当使用杀虫剂导致的急性健康问题。8. 预防长期暴露引发的慢性疾病。9. 增强家庭在害虫控制中的理性决策能力。10. 推动环保署老龄化倡议的公众参与，保护易感人群。