英文原文
The Adult ego state is suggested in many psychological theories as the state of psychological health. In the Adult ego state the person sees the world as it is in the here and now and the person is not reacting to the world as they did when they were a child. (i.e. not in the here and now but reacting in an archaic fashion). As a result many psychotherapies are designed to give the person more access to their Adult ego state. They aim to assist the person to get into their Adult ego state and to stay there. In these approaches awareness is seen as facilitating cure. The assumption is awareness is cure, and thus some fall down a bit on this assumption. The first and most obvious example is Freud and psychoanalysis. One of the main goals in psychoanalysis is to make unconscious material conscious. For instance through dream interpretation one can access the client’s unconscious. Once done the client can become aware of it (i.e. make it conscious ) and then they will be cured because they will understand the unconscious and can act in a conscious way (the Adult ego state). CBT is the same. You seek the irrational thoughts or thinking errors and once discovered the person then can think about them and then use certain strategies to nullify them so as to remain in a rational state of mind. With feelings in CBT one thinks about them. What lead up to me feeling this? What irrational thought is underlying the feeling? And so forth. Once discovered one can be in the Adult ego state and fix things and avoid such situations in the future. Classical TA is all about Adult awareness as well. One analyses games and scripts. Once understood one is more aware of them and thus can choose to stay out of games and so forth. Whilst there are some significant difficulties with the idea that Adult equals health or cure without a doubt the more one has access to their Adult ego state and can stay in their Adult ego state when under stress the more they are going to deal with difficult situations in a productive way. People can move out of their Adult ego state in two ways because there are only two other ego states. The Parent and the Child. If the person stops thinking in Adult and moves into the Child ego state that is called regression. The person regresses to an earlier state of being. They start to think and feel like they did when they were 7 years old. They will adopt their old problem solving styles from those early years which most often are not effective and lack logical problem solving. The person may also move out of their Adult ego state by moving into their Parent ego state. This is sometimes known as crystallisation, because the persons thinking and problem solving becomes crystalline and thus lacks any flexibility which the Adult ego state think has. For example, the person may say we drive this way to work because we always drive this way to work on a Monday. This is a Parent ego state solution to the problem of which way to drive to work. It has no flexibility. The Adult ego state solution is, “We drive this way to work today because the man on the radio said the other way has a traffic jam.” It is flexible depending on the current environmental conditions. In older age when one starts to loose the Adult ego state functions with a bit of dementia people will go either into regression or crystallisation. With crystallisation they can be quite infuriating to debate with because they will not be willing to see any new information or other ways of thinking. Of course some people will move out of Adult thinking much earlier in life and start problem solving with regressive or crystalline thinking. This can occur for many reasons and what is required is Adult ego state strengthening exercises. That is ways and means of strengthening the Adult ego state such that the person can maintain it better under stress. I will outline various ways of doing these over the next few days as I add to this post. But for starters one would usually begin with awareness of the ego states and that can be done with the “Parts Party” exercise. One gets three pieces of paper and writes Child, Adult, Parent on one of them each. They are placed on the floor. The therapist gets the client to stand on the piece of paper with Adult written on it. They are given something to talk about such as a person, a relationship, a difficulty they are currently having at work. Usually it is related to the reason why they came to therapy in the first place. When standing on the Adult ego state paper they can only say things from their Adult. If they start talking from their Parent or Child ego states the therapist brings this to their attention and they move to that bit of paper and speak from that ego state that they moved into. They move to the various bits of paper as the exercise goes on and are allowed to only speak from that ego state. This lets the client get some idea of what the various ego states are like and is allowed to begin to differentiate the three. They start to experience what it is like being in Adult, then Child and then Parent. They get a first hand experience of each ego state. In addition they may have thought they were being in Adult when in fact they were in Child or Parent. So this can be an ego state decontaminating exercise as well. It will also show the client and the therapist what ego states they are most comfortable with and know the best. If they move onto the Parent piece of paper and find it very difficult to say anything one knows they spend little of their time in that ego state. If they move to the Child ego state and speak freely they are comfortable in that ego state. After time as the client gets used to this exercise they can begin to correct self. If they are talking in Adult and feel self slip into Child then they can self correct which is the whole idea of Adult ego state strengthening. They begin to get an understanding of what it feels like to move out of Adult into the Parent or the Child and thus they can then self correct. Thus if they are in discussion with someone they can do the same and thus avoid communication difficulties. One can do this exercise with other ego states like, NP, CP, FC, RC, CC & A.
中文翻译
在许多心理学理论中，成人自我状态被认为是心理健康的状态。在成人自我状态中，人们能够如实地看待当下世界，而不是像童年时那样对世界做出反应（即不是基于当下，而是以陈旧的方式反应）。因此，许多心理疗法旨在帮助人们更多地进入成人自我状态，并停留在那里。在这些方法中，意识被视为促进治愈的因素，其假设是意识即治愈，尽管这一假设有时存在不足。最明显的例子是弗洛伊德和精神分析，其主要目标之一是将无意识材料意识化，例如通过梦的解析来触及来访者的无意识。一旦实现，来访者就能意识到这些内容，从而被治愈，因为他们理解了无意识并能以有意识的方式行动（即成人自我状态）。认知行为疗法（CBT）也是如此，它寻找非理性思维或思维错误，一旦发现，人们就能思考它们并使用策略来消除，以保持理性心态。在CBT中，人们会思考情绪，例如“是什么导致我有这种感觉？情绪背后的非理性思维是什么？”一旦发现，人们就能处于成人自我状态，解决问题并避免未来类似情况。经典沟通分析（TA）也强调成人意识，通过分析游戏和脚本，一旦理解，人们就能更意识到它们，从而选择避开游戏等。尽管“成人等于健康或治愈”这一观点存在挑战，但毫无疑问，人们越能进入并保持在成人自我状态，尤其是在压力下，就越能以富有成效的方式处理困难情境。人们可能以两种方式离开成人自我状态，因为只有另外两种自我状态，即父母自我状态和儿童自我状态。如果一个人停止成人思维，进入儿童自我状态，这被称为退行，即回归到早期状态，开始像7岁时那样思考和感受，采用早年无效且缺乏逻辑的问题解决方式。人们也可能通过进入父母自我状态离开成人自我状态，这有时被称为僵化，因为其思维和问题解决变得僵化，缺乏成人自我状态的灵活性。例如，一个人可能说“我们周一总是这样开车上班，所以今天也这样开”，这是父母自我状态的解决方案，缺乏灵活性；而成人自我状态的解决方案是“今天这样开车上班，因为广播说另一条路堵车”，它根据当前环境条件灵活调整。在老年时，随着成人自我状态功能减弱，如轻度痴呆，人们可能陷入退行或僵化。僵化状态下，他们可能难以辩论，因为不愿接受新信息或其他思维方式。当然，有些人可能在更早的年龄就离开成人思维，开始使用退行或僵化思维解决问题。这可能有多种原因，因此需要成人自我状态强化练习，即加强成人自我状态的方法，使人们在压力下更好地维持它。我将概述多种方法，例如从自我状态意识开始，可以通过“部分派对”练习进行。来访者准备三张纸，分别写上儿童、成人、父母，放在地上。治疗师让来访者站在写有“成人”的纸上，讨论一个话题，如一个人、一段关系或工作中的困难，通常与治疗原因相关。站在成人自我状态纸上时，他们只能从成人角度说话；如果开始从父母或儿童自我状态说话，治疗师会提醒他们，他们移动到相应纸上并从该自我状态发言。随着练习进行，他们移动到不同纸上，只允许从该自我状态发言。这让来访者了解各种自我状态，并开始区分三者，体验处于成人、儿童和父母自我状态的感觉，获得第一手经验。此外，他们可能以为自己处于成人状态，但实际上在儿童或父母状态，因此这也可以是自我状态去污染练习。它还显示来访者和治疗师最舒适和熟悉的自我状态，例如如果移动到父母纸上难以发言，说明他们很少处于该状态；如果移动到儿童状态能自由发言，则说明他们舒适于该状态。随着时间推移，来访者习惯练习后，可以开始自我纠正。如果在成人状态说话时感到滑入儿童状态，他们能自我纠正，这正是成人自我状态强化的核心。他们开始理解从成人状态移动到父母或儿童状态的感觉，从而能自我纠正，在与人讨论时也能如此，避免沟通困难。此练习也可用于其他自我状态，如NP、CP、FC、RC、CC和A。
文章概要
本文基于关键词“Adult ego state in aging and life transitions”，探讨了成人自我状态在衰老和人生转变中的重要性。文章指出，成人自我状态是心理健康的核心，使人们能客观看待当下，而非以童年或僵化方式反应。它比较了精神分析、CBT和经典TA如何促进成人意识，并解释人们可能通过退行（进入儿童自我状态）或僵化（进入父母自我状态）离开成人状态，尤其在老年或压力下。文章强调成人自我状态强化练习的必要性，如“部分派对”练习，帮助人们区分自我状态、增强意识并自我纠正，以更好地应对生活挑战。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容，想象一下，我们每个人心里都有三个小角色，一个像大人一样冷静思考的“成人”，一个像爸爸妈妈那样爱管事的“父母”，还有一个像小时候那样爱闹情绪的“儿童”。当我们遇到事情时，如果能像“成人”那样，看看现在发生了什么，而不是乱发脾气或固执己见，就能更好地解决问题。比如，爷爷年纪大了，有时候会变得像小孩一样闹腾，或者总说“就得这样”，这就是“成人”角色变弱了。我们可以玩一个游戏，站在写有“成人”的纸上说话，练习怎么保持冷静，这样在长大或变老时，就能更聪明地处理事情啦。
TA沟通分析心理学理论评价，从沟通分析心理学角度看，本文精准阐述了成人自我状态作为核心健康状态的理论基础。它强调了成人自我状态在“此时此地”的客观性和灵活性，这与伯恩的自我状态模型完全一致，即成人自我状态基于现实评估，而非儿童自我状态的 archaic 反应或父母自我状态的僵化规则。文章通过对比退行和僵化现象，生动展示了自我状态转换在人生转变中的动态过程，特别是在衰老阶段，成人自我状态功能减弱可能导致沟通障碍和生活适应困难。这突显了TA理论在生命周期发展中的应用价值，强化了自我状态意识作为干预焦点的实践意义。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题，在实践上，成人自我状态强化可应用于多个领域，如老年护理帮助长者维持认知功能，职场培训提升员工压力管理能力，教育辅导促进学生理性决策，家庭咨询改善代际沟通，个人发展增强自我调节技能，心理健康治疗应对焦虑抑郁，团队建设优化协作效率，生涯规划支持职业转型，社区服务促进社会适应，以及日常关系维护减少冲突。它可以解决人们的十个问题，包括在压力下情绪失控，面对变化时固执己见，沟通中误解频发，决策时依赖旧习惯，老年时认知衰退，工作中效率低下，家庭里争吵不断，学习上注意力分散，社交中适应困难，以及自我成长停滞不前。