英文原文
Transactional analysis is a very popular topic that we deliver on our Management Training and Leadership Training Courses. You may not have considered this much before, but when you are conversing with another person, the one who is talking could be said as giving the transaction between the two of you ‘stimuli and the other person is giving the ‘response’. The conversation is then transposed by the receiver until they decide it’s their turn to be the transaction’s stimulator, and they start talking, while the other ‘responds’ accordingly. You could call this idea a transaction of ideas. When you identify the processes that make up these transactions, you could call it an analysis of the transaction. Hence the term ‘transactional analysis’ (TA). As SimplyPsychology.org describes it, “Transactional analysis is the method used to analyse this process of transactions in communication with others. It requires us to be aware of how we feel, think, and behave during interactions with others.” It recognises that our personality is driven by different ‘ego states’, first mooted by Sigmund Freud. These are the systems we use to interact with others. The initial proponent of the model was Eric Berne, He was born in 1910 in Montreal, Canada, and received an M.D. and C.M. (Master of Surgery) from McGill University Medical School in 1935. His studies took him in a different direction to Freud, but the ego states provided a firm foundation for him to develop his theories of the ‘Parent, Adult and Child’ states. It’s considered that our childhood experiences have a big effect on how we live the rest of our lives and Berne’s work shows how the interactions between our ‘states’ can drive our overall life experiences with ourselves and others. Those younger experiences can have an unconscious effect on the way we think and behave. For example, if our parents reacted in a certain way to us when we misbehaved, it can awaken a replay of that experience when we are gown up and make us behave similarly. Berne proposed we develop a kind of ‘life script’ that dictates how we unconsciously react to situations when we encounter them. This is often driven by our desire for survival, a key component of the brain’s defence mechanism. We tend to respond to communications and interactions based on earlier memories or emotional tendencies. So, what exactly is TA? How does it affect the way we think and behave? What can we do to control the states we are in? And what effect can that have in our lives? These life scripts have a profound effect on how we think, feel, and behave. We are conditioned to respond in a certain way, based on the results we have achieved with that type of behaviour before. If someone is ‘conflict-averse’, it may be due to the circumstances they experienced while growing up as a child. If someone has a short-fuse and reacts angrily to the most innocuous of situations, there’s a possibility he or she was conditioned that way from experiences at an early age. Hence, the development of the ‘script’ by which we decide to behave. Changing this script is the aim of transactional analysis psychotherapy. Societal or experience scripting can be replaced with co-operative, collaborative behaviour through discussions on the analysis of TA. The three ego states or ways of being can be likened to three phases of life we experience. How we respond to situations and stimulate the other’s response in a conversation can depend on several areas: How did we respond to similar influences when we were young? What past traumas did we endure? How is the other treating us? What messages are our brains interpreting and what meanings are we getting? How important is the relationship I have with this person? These and many other questions can determine firstly how we respond to the transaction we are having, and secondly how we will be stimulated to carry on the transaction. This is exactly why Team Leader Apprenticeships, among the courses we offer, have gained significant popularity! Through these apprenticeships and courses, leaders can begin to understand and appreciate why they behave in a certain way and can then take that on to how their people and teams behave the way that they do. Transactional analysis discussed two components of the child state: adapted and free child. This ego state builds on the reinforcements we were given when a child. Were you given praise often? Did your parents admonish you for certain behaviours? Was your childhood filled with happy memories or negative experiences? Depending on how you were brought up, your experiences will still have effects on our transactions today. The adapted child tries to please others and likes to be liked, so they act in accordance with others’ wishes. They could come across as submissive or timid, allowing others to control their feelings, sometimes without standing up for themselves. The free child state can be seen as a spontaneous nature, intelligent, free-flowing, innovative and creative in their thinking. This could be part of the conditioning where the child was allowed to be free to express their ideas and had more freedom to adapt to various situations without being told to ‘be quiet’ or ‘sit down and shut up’. There are, of course, different levels of each of these two components, so it would be incorrect to say a person is one or the other when they paly the child’s role in a transaction. One way to think of a child’s response is to whom are they interacting in this way? If to a ‘parent’ ego state, you may see the person not wanting to disagree with that other person, just accepting orders to keep the peace. Or they may be flippant and joke around, covering up for some inadequacy seen by the parent model. The parent is an ego state reflected on how the person’s parent figures brought them up. If a stronger parent figure was a grandparent or teacher, that may have had a bigger effect on how the person feels an adult needs to respond to situations. Again, there are two components to an adult state: Critical/controlling, and nurturing. Eric Berne believed that the biggest contribution to how we view the parent state was decided in the first few years of life. One way of looking at a parent state is concerning the judgements we have of others and of situations. Our rules and standards often come from these parental figures. How a person thinks someone else should behave often comes from the examples placed on us by parental figures. A critical parent state may well judge others by what they ‘should’ or shouldn’t’ do. Their rules are their rules, and everyone should abide by them. If they don’t, then they are judges as wrong, or inconsistent, or selfish, or similar. Feedback could be delivered in an aggressive, passive-aggressive or harsh way. A nurturing parent ego state would drive a person to be more understanding and softer in their approach. They would see a situation without judging, attempting to be more curious as to why a person would say or do something. A nurturing disposition may be helpful in trying to calm situations down or when establishing closer relationships. This only has one component or division attached to it. Whereas the child and parent state may be driven by past experiences and conditioning, the adult state considers the here and now situation. The adult state is more open to discussion, more curious as to why people feel the way they do, has more time for sifting through data and information, is more respectful of others’ opinions, is willing to collaborate and compromise, and enjoys more close and healthy relationships. We often find the adult state is employed when making decisions that will affect others or solving problems in a working environment. Depending on what state we choose to adopt, a transaction with others could thrive or whither away to nothing. It could make a difference between building a strong relationship with another or causing a deep division between people. Eric Berne recognised that we experience positive and negative interactions all through our lives and referred to these as ‘strokes’. A positive stroke makes us feel good about ourselves, whereas a negative interaction causes the opposite effect. How each person you interact with gives and receives these strokes can make a big difference in how they perceive each other. Which of these ego states do you believe achieves the best results in most situations? TA concludes that adult to adult communication is the one that elicits the most helpful results. Here, we show how the ego states interact: Complementary Transaction, Ulterior Transaction, Crossed Transaction. Complementary Transactions can be assumed when the ego states of the people in conversation are parallel to each other, as in the drawing above. You can think of this as the sender being in one state and the receiver being in the same state, complementing to the ego states instead of being challenged by it. Naturally, the best state to be in for this, is the adult-adult state, as the two people work in harmony with each other so they can find common areas of agreement rather than conflict. However, if both are in a complementary but child-child state, you may not find decisions being made, or ending up simply in a griping or blaming session. Similarly, if both are in a parent state, you may find both of them wanting their own way and still not able to find solutions to their issues. Hence, an adult-adult complementary state is the best one to find results. Ulterior Transactions: You’ll have heard of ‘ulterior motives’ or ‘hidden agendas’. This is where a person’s behaviour or statements say one thing, while surreptitiously or subconsciously meaning something else. This can be the essence of an ulterior transaction, where an underlying, subtle message from one state could be interpreted as another state by the other person. For example, a boss may say ‘I have confidence that you can do this project, though it will need a lot of due diligence and checking to get it done’. The receiver may see this as a challenge and their rebellious child ego may come to the fore, saying something like ‘I’ll show him that I can do it without all that checking, just you wait and see!” Crossed Transactions: This is when the ego states don’t match each other and can cause conflict in one way or another. A crossed transaction will require one or both parties to shift perspectives so the communication can carry on at a reasonable level. An example might be where a customer has a very demeaning attitude to you, complaining that you should be their servant and get a move on, or they’ll take their business elsewhere. Their critical parent state can cause you to take an adapted child state, wanting to please the aggressive parent, not wanting to cause a scene, and bowing down to the authoritarian stance the customer is taking. Crossed transactional responses can cause people to break relationships and develop a character response that does not contribute to good problem-solving, so watch out if your tendency is to mismatch at any of the TA levels. As we mentioned ‘life-scripts’, it’s important to note that practitioners in TA try to strengthen people’s adult ego states, as our conditioning can affect our behaviours at both the child and parent levels. This can be termed ‘script-analysis’ as it analyses what script you have been living with for most of your life and how it can be brought to your attention when you are behaving in a less-than effective way. The question as to when you should apply TA in your life is a simple one to answer. Basically, it’s all the time! Let’s say you have a meeting coming up where you know there may be some conflict in the air. You could play the parent role, by being quite dogmatic and authoritative in the ay you run it, so people recognise you have the final say, with no open discussion. Or you could just let people mouth off and lay into one another, hoping they will eventually find an answer themselves. Neither the parent or child ego states would be best suited for that meeting situation, so you may choose to be the adult, allowing people to express their grievances, listening calmly and eloquently to all sides, before putting the emphasis on solving the problems and making effective decisions. Transactional analysis enables you to gain a deeper understanding of your own behaviour and feelings, as you consciously and intelligently analyse how you respond to certain stimuli when interacting with others. Although used mainly when transacting with others through discussions, it can also be utilised in other forms of communication, both synchronous and asynchronous, like email, telephone, and video conferencing. It can be used to improve your overall communication skills, through decision-making, problem-solving, conflict management and overall leadership of people. Transactional analysis can be practiced, honed, and developed in all sorts of social settings. Teachers can help their students practice life skills and communication ideas; husbands and wives can sharpen their relationships by recognising when they need to be softer and less harsh with each other; parents can work with their children to give them the skills they require to become adept as they grow older; managers can stimulate their team members’ thinking skills by encouraging them to take an adult mindset to problem-solving; customer service executives can use TA to build stronger connections with customers and highlight how conflicts can be minimised and complaints dealt with. By improving your skills using transactional analysis, you also can see an improvement in your emotional intelligence. Your awareness of how you feel in any situation can make you conscious of the best way to formulate ideas when facilitating discussions with others, and you will see a marked increase in your overall emotional experiences as you recognise how to respond in a more effective way to situations where you may have struggled previously. Practice looking for opportunities to develop your choices through transactional analysis, and you’ll see a marked improvement in your communications at all levels in your life.
中文翻译
沟通分析是我们管理培训和领导力培训课程中非常受欢迎的主题。你可能以前没有太多考虑过这一点，但当你与另一个人交谈时，说话者可以被视为给予你们两人之间的“刺激”，而另一个人则给予“回应”。然后，接收者会转换对话，直到他们决定轮到他们成为交易的刺激者，他们开始说话，而另一方则相应地“回应”。你可以称这个想法为思想的交易。当你识别构成这些交易的过程时，你可以称之为交易分析。因此有了“沟通分析”（TA）这个术语。正如SimplyPsychology.org所描述的，“沟通分析是用于分析与他人沟通中交易过程的方法。它要求我们意识到在互动中我们如何感受、思考和行动。”它认识到我们的个性是由不同的“自我状态”驱动的，这一概念最初由西格蒙德·弗洛伊德提出。这些是我们用来与他人互动的系统。该模型的初始支持者是埃里克·伯恩，他于1910年出生在加拿大蒙特利尔，并于1935年从麦吉尔大学医学院获得医学博士和外科硕士学位。他的研究将他带向了与弗洛伊德不同的方向，但自我状态为他发展“父母、成人和儿童”状态的理论提供了坚实的基础。人们认为，我们的童年经历对我们余生的生活方式有很大影响，伯恩的工作展示了我们“状态”之间的互动如何驱动我们与自己和他人之间的整体生活体验。那些年轻的经历可能对我们思考和行动的方式产生无意识的影响。例如，如果我们小时候行为不端时父母以某种方式反应，当我们长大后，这可能会唤醒那种经历的重复，并使我们以类似的方式行动。伯恩提出，我们发展了一种“生活脚本”，它决定了我们在遇到情况时如何无意识地反应。这通常是由我们的生存欲望驱动的，这是大脑防御机制的关键组成部分。我们倾向于基于早期记忆或情感倾向来回应沟通和互动。那么，TA到底是什么？它如何影响我们思考和行动的方式？我们能做些什么来控制我们所处的状态？这会对我们的生活产生什么影响？这些生活脚本对我们如何思考、感受和行动有深远的影响。我们被条件反射地以某种方式回应，基于我们以前通过那种行为类型所取得的结果。如果某人“回避冲突”，可能是由于他们小时候成长的环境。如果某人脾气暴躁，对最无害的情况反应愤怒，有可能他或她从小就被经验条件反射成那样。因此，我们决定如何行动的“脚本”得以发展。改变这个脚本是沟通分析心理治疗的目标。通过讨论TA分析，社会或经验脚本可以被合作、协作的行为所取代。这三种自我状态或存在方式可以比作我们经历的三个生活阶段。我们如何回应情况并刺激对方在对话中的回应可能取决于几个方面：我们年轻时如何回应类似的影响？我们经历了什么过去的创伤？对方如何对待我们？我们的大脑在解释什么信息，我们得到了什么意义？我与这个人的关系有多重要？这些以及许多其他问题首先可以决定我们如何回应我们正在进行的交易，其次决定我们将如何被刺激继续交易。这正是为什么我们提供的课程中的团队领导学徒制获得了显著的受欢迎度！通过这些学徒制和课程，领导者可以开始理解和欣赏他们为什么以某种方式行动，然后可以将其应用到他们的员工和团队如何行动的方式上。沟通分析讨论了儿童状态的两个组成部分：适应型儿童和自由型儿童。这种自我状态建立在我们小时候得到的强化基础上。你经常得到表扬吗？你的父母是否因某些行为而责备你？你的童年充满了快乐的回忆还是负面的经历？根据你的成长方式，你的经历仍然会影响我们今天的交易。适应型儿童试图取悦他人，喜欢被喜欢，所以他们按照他人的意愿行事。他们可能显得顺从或胆怯，允许他人控制他们的感受，有时不为自己挺身而出。自由型儿童状态可以被视为一种自发的天性，思维上聪明、流畅、创新和富有创造力。这可能是条件反射的一部分，即儿童被允许自由表达他们的想法，并有更多自由适应各种情况，而不被告诉“安静”或“坐下闭嘴”。当然，这两个组成部分各有不同的层次，所以当一个人在交易中扮演儿童角色时，说他们是其中之一是不正确的。思考儿童回应的一种方式是，他们以这种方式与谁互动？如果是对“父母”自我状态，你可能会看到这个人不想与那个人意见不合，只是接受命令以保持和平。或者他们可能轻率地开玩笑，掩盖父母模型看到的某些不足。父母是一种自我状态，反映了这个人的父母形象如何抚养他们。如果更强的父母形象是祖父母或老师，那可能对这个人认为成年人需要如何回应情况有更大的影响。同样，成人状态有两个组成部分：批判/控制型和养育型。埃里克·伯恩认为，我们对父母状态的看法最大的贡献是在生命的最初几年决定的。看待父母状态的一种方式是关注我们对他人和情况的判断。我们的规则和标准通常来自这些父母形象。一个人认为别人应该如何行动通常来自父母形象给我们树立的榜样。批判型父母状态可能会根据别人“应该”或“不应该”做什么来评判他人。他们的规则就是他们的规则，每个人都应该遵守。如果不遵守，他们就会被评判为错误、不一致、自私或类似。反馈可能以攻击性、被动攻击性或严厉的方式传递。养育型父母自我状态会驱使一个人更加理解和温和地处理问题。他们会不带评判地看待情况，试图更加好奇为什么一个人会说或做某事。养育型性格可能有助于平息情况或建立更亲密的关系。这只有一个组成部分或划分。而儿童和父母状态可能由过去的经验和条件反射驱动，成人状态考虑的是此时此地的情况。成人状态更开放于讨论，更好奇为什么人们有那样的感受，有更多时间筛选数据和信息，更尊重他人的意见，愿意合作和妥协，并享受更亲密和健康的关系。我们经常发现，当做出会影响他人的决策或在工作环境中解决问题时，会使用成人状态。根据我们选择采用的状态，与他人的交易可能会蓬勃发展或逐渐消失。它可能在与他人建立牢固关系或导致人们之间深刻分裂之间产生差异。埃里克·伯恩认识到，我们一生中都会经历积极和消极的互动，并将这些称为“安抚”。积极的安抚让我们对自己感觉良好，而消极的互动则产生相反的效果。你互动的每个人如何给予和接收这些安抚，可能对他们如何看待彼此产生很大影响。你认为这些自我状态中哪一个在大多数情况下能取得最佳结果？TA得出结论，成人对成人的沟通是能引发最有帮助结果的方式。在这里，我们展示自我状态如何互动：互补交易、隐蔽交易、交叉交易。互补交易可以假设为对话中人们的自我状态彼此平行，如上图所示。你可以认为这是发送者处于一种状态，接收者处于相同状态，与自我状态互补而不是被其挑战。自然，最好的状态是成人-成人状态，因为两个人和谐合作，可以找到共同点而不是冲突。然而，如果两者都处于互补但儿童-儿童状态，你可能不会做出决策，或者最终只是抱怨或指责的会议。同样，如果两者都处于父母状态，你可能会发现他们都想要自己的方式，仍然无法找到问题的解决方案。因此，成人-成人互补状态是找到结果的最佳状态。隐蔽交易：你可能听说过“隐蔽动机”或“隐藏议程”。这是指一个人的行为或陈述说一件事，而暗中或潜意识地意味着另一件事。这可能是隐蔽交易的本质，其中一个状态的潜在、微妙信息可能被另一个人解释为另一种状态。例如，老板可能会说“我相信你能完成这个项目，尽管需要大量的尽职调查和检查才能完成”。接收者可能将其视为挑战，他们叛逆的儿童自我可能浮现，说类似“我会向他展示我可以在没有所有检查的情况下完成，等着瞧！”交叉交易：这是当自我状态不匹配时，可能以某种方式导致冲突。交叉交易将要求一方或双方转变视角，以便沟通可以在合理水平上继续。一个例子可能是，顾客对你态度非常贬低，抱怨你应该成为他们的仆人并加快速度，否则他们会把业务带到别处。他们的批判型父母状态可能导致你采取适应型儿童状态，想要取悦攻击型父母，不想引起场面，并屈服于顾客采取的专制立场。交叉交易回应可能导致人们破坏关系，并发展出不有助于良好问题解决的性格回应，所以如果你的倾向是在任何TA水平上不匹配，要小心。正如我们提到的“生活脚本”，重要的是要注意，TA的从业者试图加强人们的成人自我状态，因为我们的条件反射可能影响我们在儿童和父母层面的行为。这可以称为“脚本分析”，因为它分析了你一生中大部分时间所遵循的脚本，以及当你行为效率低下时如何引起你的注意。关于何时应该在生活中应用TA的问题，答案很简单。基本上，它适用于所有时间！假设你即将召开一个会议，你知道可能会有一些冲突。你可以扮演父母角色，以相当教条和权威的方式主持会议，让人们认识到你有最终决定权，没有公开讨论。或者你可以只是让人们互相指责，希望他们最终自己找到答案。父母或儿童自我状态都不最适合那种会议情况，所以你可以选择成为成人，允许人们表达他们的不满，冷静而雄辩地倾听各方意见，然后将重点放在解决问题和做出有效决策上。沟通分析使你能够更深入地理解自己的行为和感受，因为你有意识且聪明地分析在与他人互动时如何回应某些刺激。虽然主要用于通过讨论与他人交易，但它也可以用于其他形式的沟通，无论是同步还是异步，如电子邮件、电话和视频会议。它可以用于提高你的整体沟通技巧，通过决策、问题解决、冲突管理和整体人员领导。沟通分析可以在各种社交场合中练习、磨练和发展。教师可以帮助学生练习生活技能和沟通理念；夫妻可以通过认识到何时需要更温和、不那么严厉地对待彼此来加强关系；父母可以与孩子合作，给予他们随着年龄增长所需的技能；经理可以通过鼓励团队成员采取成人思维解决问题来激发他们的思维能力；客户服务主管可以使用TA与客户建立更牢固的联系，并强调如何最小化冲突和处理投诉。通过使用沟通分析提高你的技能，你也可以看到情绪智力的提高。你对任何情况下感受的意识可以使你在促进与他人讨论时有意识地制定想法的最佳方式，并且当你认识到如何以更有效的方式回应以前可能挣扎的情况时，你会看到整体情感体验的显著增加。练习寻找机会通过沟通分析发展你的选择，你会看到生活中各个层面的沟通显著改善。
文章概要
本文介绍了沟通分析（TA）模型，包括其定义、历史背景、三种自我状态（儿童、父母、成人）及其互动方式。文章强调了成人自我状态在促进有效沟通和问题解决中的重要性，并提供了实际应用示例，特别是在管理、领导和团队合作中。结合关键词“成人自我状态在游戏策略开发中的应用”，文章概要可以总结为：沟通分析理论中的成人自我状态强调理性、合作和问题解决，这可以应用于游戏策略开发中，帮助开发者以冷静、分析性的方式设计策略，促进团队协作和创新，避免儿童或父母状态可能带来的冲突或僵化思维。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：沟通分析就像是我们和别人说话时的一个小游戏。每个人心里都有三个角色：一个是像小孩一样，可能会撒娇或害怕；一个是像爸爸妈妈一样，可能会管着别人或照顾别人；还有一个是像大人一样，会好好商量和解决问题。当我们用大人角色和别人说话时，事情就会变得更容易，因为大家都会冷静地一起想办法。在游戏里，如果你要设计一个很酷的策略，用大人角色来思考，就能想出更好的主意，不会因为生气或害怕而搞砸。
TA沟通分析心理学理论评价：从沟通分析心理学理论来看，本文清晰地阐述了自我状态的概念及其在人际互动中的作用。成人自我状态作为理性、客观和问题解决导向的状态，在理论中被强调为促进健康沟通的关键。文章通过示例展示了如何识别和应用不同状态，这符合TA理论的核心原则，即通过意识提升来改善沟通质量。理论评价聚焦于成人状态的积极功能，如促进合作和决策，这体现了TA理论在增强个人和社会功能方面的潜力。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题：在实践上，沟通分析可以应用于多个领域，如教育、家庭关系、职场管理和游戏开发。具体可以解决人们的十个问题包括：1. 减少团队冲突，通过成人状态促进协作；2. 改善亲子沟通，避免父母或儿童状态的负面互动；3. 提升领导力，帮助管理者以成人状态引导团队；4. 增强客户服务，用成人状态处理投诉和建立联系；5. 支持个人成长，通过脚本分析改变无益行为模式；6. 优化游戏策略开发，鼓励创新和理性思考；7. 加强夫妻关系，通过识别状态需求增进理解；8. 提高教学效果，帮助学生发展沟通技能；9. 管理压力，用成人状态应对挑战情境；10. 促进社会和谐，减少误解和偏见。这些应用展示了TA理论在解决实际生活问题中的广泛价值。