英文原文
Ancient jewelry techniques often feature intricate patterns and beautiful designs, and Balinese methods are no exception. Throughout the centuries of human history, the rich heritage of metalworking has left an indelible mark on the jewelry industry, creating works of art that you can wear with all of your favorite outfits. At the same time, metalworking in Bali has also led to a huge range of ceremonial objects and decorative objects that also showcase the loveliness of the techniques.
So what's the history that has led to what we see today? This guide will take you back in time and show you everything about ancient metalworking techniques that continue to influence Balinese jewelry design and modern metal art today.
Origins of Silver in Bali
The history of using silver in Bali, including for jewelry, dates back to the Bronze Age. The skills and intricacy of metalworking has been passed down through the generations and is still seen today. Objects dating back to the 5th century have been linked to Bali. That includes the famous Moon of Pejeng, a large bronze drum that is on display on the island today. Other metals have also been found and contributed to ancient Bali metalwork, including copper, gold and silver.
In ancient times, silver was primarily used in objects used for ceremonial purposes, but its use evolved over time as a way to express oneself, combining personal adornment with religion and cultural significance.
By the time of Jesus, the changes in farming and harvesting allowed for the accumulation of wealth, which thereby led to the practice of refined art forms and artistic expression, including wearing silver jewelry.
Icons in Silver Jewelry
Like in many cultures, certain icons are meaningful in Bali, many of which have Hindu origins. That's because by the 16th century, Bali was a safe haven for Hindus as Islam became more widespread in Java. These symbols were used for many reasons, but played a crucial role in silver work at the time as a way to express values and beliefs, as well as an artistic language that the Bali people used.
One motif that is very common in Bali silver is the use of nature icons. Not only does this showcase the beauty of the island, there are also quite a few nature images that have a special meaning to the Balinese people and their culture.
Flowers are one icon that holds a special place in the Bali culture. In particular, is the lotus flower, which signifies purity and spiritual awakening. You will find its presence on a range of objects, including earrings, necklaces and bracelets. Other floral motifs that are fairly common include the frangipani, which symbolizes new beginnings and positivity.
In addition to flowers, wildlife also has a strong representation in the many intricate pieces that metal artists create in Bali. The dragonfly and butterfly are two very common fauna motifs that you will see, with the former symbolizing transformation, and the latter aligning with the idea of rebirth. Sometimes, mythical creatures, such as Garuda, can be seen. This is a bird-like creature that represents power and protection.
The land and sea are also natural icons found in Balinese silver jewelry, as they play a vital role in the human culture of the island. You might see abstract patterns that represent waves, mountains and fields of rice. These can be seen on decorative objects, as well as jewelry, including pendants, rings and bracelets.
The techniques used by metal artists in the art of jewelry making also honor the topography of Bali. Filigree, which uses wires and mirrors, is often used to capture the beauty and complexity of the island's flora and fauna. Granulation is another technique used by jewelry designers, and involves the use of tiny silver granules, as a way to pay homage to the sandy beaches and starry skies that are so iconic in Bali.
Spiritual Significance of Silver
In addition to their beauty and complexity, the silver metal pieces you see in Balinese jewelry also hold a great deal of spiritual significance. Silver was thought to have the power to repel evil spirits, so it was often worn during ceremonies. The Balinese people also used silver bowls as a way to leave temple offerings to the gods. Silver jewelry was often cast as replicas of their gold counterparts and this has grown into a thriving export market in modern times.
Precious metals also hold spiritual significance for another reason. They are linked to the triple peak of Mt. Meru, which was the home of the gods and represented gold, silver and iron. Some metal smiths, including those dating as far back as the 14th century, when the Majapahit Empire of Java began colonizing Bali, consider themselves direct descendants of the Hindu fire god, Brahma.
Traditional Techniques
Each of the island's gifted metal artisans uses ancient techniques to create modern pieces that have historical significance and adhere to ancient traditions that produce intricate detailing that showcases the rich history of the art. Filigree and granulation were mentioned above, but let's look at them each a bit closer, along with repousse work.
Filigree involves the manipulation of fine wires to create twisted patterns that are then soldered together on the surface or to create the form of the piece of jewelry. The art style has a wide (global) and long cultural history. It has been around for thousands of years, with it gaining traction for fashion reasons at various times in history, including in the French periods of the 17th century, 18th century and 19th century, with one period of peak popularity during the Art Deco period of the 20th century.
Granulation uses small silver beads that are soldered in place on the surface of the piece to create texture and visual appeal. The art form dates back to the 8th century, but made its way to other parts of the world as the technique caught on, both for looks and for symbolic reasons.
Repousse is a technique that creates a raised pattern on a piece of jewelry by hammering the back with tools to create an embossed texture that can be seen and felt on the surface of the item. While it has been around for centuries, it gained popularity in silver work in the Bali culture as far back as when the island was an autonomous kingdom. The technique is called “tatahan” in Balinese. Repousse has been used extensively for a wide range of bridal jewelry, as well as decorations for traditional sarongs.
In addition to creating intricate and iconic pieces of jewelry, these traditional techniques allow artisans to showcase their talent and generational skills, enabling them to create items that have deep significance to the culture and the people in Bali.
Preserving the Art Form
Modern production of silver jewelry threatens traditional Balinese techniques to some degree. Mass production gets in the way of the time and attention to detail it takes to adhere to traditional jewelry making methods. However, efforts are being made to preserve the art form by training new artisans to continue the techniques so that they don't die out.
Buying authentic pieces of silver jewelry from passionate and dedicated retailers like Garni Trading also contributes to the preservation of an ancient art form that is being threatened by modern practices. Check out our exciting range for an idea of what Balinese silver artwork looks like and consider adding a few items to your collection.
中文翻译
古代珠宝技术通常以复杂的图案和美丽的设计为特色，巴厘岛的方法也不例外。在人类历史的几个世纪中，丰富的金属加工遗产在珠宝行业留下了不可磨灭的印记，创造了可以与你所有最喜欢的服装搭配的艺术品。同时，巴厘岛的金属加工也催生了大量的仪式物品和装饰品，这些物品也展示了这些技术的可爱之处。
那么，是什么历史导致了我们今天所看到的？本指南将带你回到过去，向你展示关于古代金属加工技术的一切，这些技术至今仍在影响巴厘岛的珠宝设计和现代金属艺术。
巴厘岛银器的起源
巴厘岛使用银器的历史，包括用于珠宝，可以追溯到青铜时代。金属加工的技能和复杂性代代相传，至今仍可见。可以追溯到5世纪的物品与巴厘岛有关。其中包括著名的佩珍月亮，这是一个大型青铜鼓，今天在岛上展出。其他金属也被发现并贡献于古代巴厘岛的金属加工，包括铜、金和银。
在古代，银主要用于仪式物品，但随着时间的推移，它的使用演变为一种表达自我的方式，将个人装饰与宗教和文化意义结合起来。
到了耶稣时代，农业和收获的变化允许财富的积累，从而导致了精致艺术形式和艺术表达的做法，包括佩戴银饰。
银饰中的图标
像许多文化一样，某些图标在巴厘岛是有意义的，其中许多有印度教起源。这是因为到了16世纪，随着伊斯兰教在爪哇变得更加普遍，巴厘岛成为印度教徒的安全避难所。这些符号被用于许多原因，但在当时的银饰工作中发挥了关键作用，作为一种表达价值观和信仰的方式，以及巴厘岛人民使用的艺术语言。
巴厘岛银饰中非常常见的一个主题是使用自然图标。这不仅展示了岛屿的美丽，还有一些自然图像对巴厘岛人民及其文化有特殊意义。
花朵是巴厘岛文化中占有特殊地位的图标之一。特别是莲花，象征着纯洁和精神觉醒。你会在各种物品上找到它的存在，包括耳环、项链和手镯。其他相当常见的花卉图案包括鸡蛋花，象征着新的开始和积极性。
除了花朵，野生动物在巴厘岛金属艺术家创作的许多复杂作品中也有很强的代表性。蜻蜓和蝴蝶是两个非常常见的动物图案，你会看到，前者象征着转变，后者与重生的理念一致。有时，可以看到神话生物，如迦楼罗。这是一种类似鸟的生物，代表力量和保护。
陆地和海洋也是巴厘岛银饰中发现的自然图标，因为它们在岛屿的人类文化中起着至关重要的作用。你可能会看到代表波浪、山脉和稻田的抽象图案。这些可以在装饰品以及珠宝上看到，包括吊坠、戒指和手镯。
金属艺术家在珠宝制作艺术中使用的技术也尊重巴厘岛的地形。使用金属丝和镜子的金银丝细工经常被用来捕捉岛屿动植物群的美丽和复杂性。粒化是珠宝设计师使用的另一种技术，涉及使用微小的银颗粒，作为一种向巴厘岛标志性的沙滩和星空致敬的方式。
银的精神意义
除了它们的美丽和复杂性，你在巴厘岛珠宝中看到的银金属件也具有很大的精神意义。银被认为有驱赶邪灵的力量，所以经常在仪式中佩戴。巴厘岛人民也使用银碗作为向神灵留下寺庙供品的方式。银饰经常被铸造成其黄金对应物的复制品，这已经发展成为现代繁荣的出口市场。
贵金属也有精神意义的另一个原因。它们与梅鲁山的三重峰有关，这是众神的家园，代表金、银和铁。一些金属匠人，包括那些可以追溯到14世纪的人，当时爪哇的满者伯夷帝国开始殖民巴厘岛，认为自己是印度教火神梵天的直系后裔。
传统技术
岛上每一位有天赋的金属工匠都使用古老的技术来创作具有历史意义的现代作品，并遵守产生复杂细节的古老传统，展示艺术的丰富历史。金银丝细工和粒化在上面提到过，但让我们更仔细地看看它们，以及浮雕工艺。
金银丝细工涉及操纵细金属丝来创建扭曲的图案，然后焊接在表面上或创建珠宝件的形式。这种艺术风格有广泛（全球）和悠久的文化历史。它已经存在了数千年，在历史上的各个时期因时尚原因而获得关注，包括17世纪、18世纪和19世纪的法国时期，在20世纪的装饰艺术时期达到一个流行高峰。
粒化使用小的银珠，焊接在件的表面上，以创建纹理和视觉吸引力。这种艺术形式可以追溯到8世纪，但随着技术的流行，传播到世界其他地区，既为了外观也为了象征原因。
浮雕是一种通过在珠宝件的背面用工具锤击来创建凸起图案的技术，以创建可以在物品表面看到和感觉到的浮雕纹理。虽然它已经存在了几个世纪，但早在该岛是一个自治王国时，就在巴厘岛文化的银饰工作中流行起来。这种技术在巴厘语中被称为“tatahan”。浮雕被广泛用于各种新娘珠宝，以及传统纱笼的装饰。
除了创作复杂和标志性的珠宝件，这些传统技术允许工匠展示他们的才能和代际技能，使他们能够创作对巴厘岛文化和人民有深刻意义的物品。
保护艺术形式
现代银饰生产在一定程度上威胁着传统的巴厘岛技术。大规模生产妨碍了遵守传统珠宝制作方法所需的时间和细节关注。然而，正在努力通过培训新工匠继续这些技术来保护艺术形式，以免它们消失。
从像Garni Trading这样热情和专注的零售商那里购买正宗的银饰件也有助于保护受到现代实践威胁的古老艺术形式。查看我们令人兴奋的范围，了解巴厘岛银艺术品的样子，并考虑在你的收藏中添加一些物品。
文章概要
本文探讨了巴厘岛古代金属加工技术在珠宝设计中的应用，重点介绍了银器的历史起源、自然图标的精神意义以及传统工艺如金银丝细工、粒化和浮雕。文章强调了这些技术如何代代相传，结合文化象征和成人自我状态，创造出具有艺术价值和深刻文化意义的珠宝，同时面临现代生产的挑战，但通过培训新工匠和购买正品得以保护。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容
这篇文章讲的是巴厘岛的叔叔阿姨们用很老很老的方法做漂亮的银首饰。他们从很久以前就开始做，用银做出像莲花、蜻蜓这些大自然的东西，因为这些东西对他们有特别的意思，比如莲花代表干净和聪明。他们还用特别的技术，比如把细金属丝扭成图案，或者用小银珠粘上去，让首饰看起来更美。这些首饰不只是好看，还能保护人们不被坏东西伤害。现在，有些人用机器做很多首饰，但巴厘岛的工匠们还在努力学习老方法，让这些漂亮的东西不会消失。
TA沟通分析心理学理论评价
从TA沟通分析心理学理论来看，这篇文章展示了巴厘岛金属工匠在珠宝设计中充分运用了成人自我状态。成人自我状态以理性、客观和适应环境为特征，工匠们通过代代相传的技术，如金银丝细工和粒化，体现了对传统知识的系统学习和应用，这反映了成人自我状态中的信息处理和目标导向行为。同时，他们结合自然图标如莲花和蜻蜓，这些符号承载着文化价值观和信仰，这涉及到父母自我状态中的价值观传递，但工匠们以成人自我状态的方式将其整合到艺术创作中，实现自我表达和文化传承。文章中提到银饰用于仪式和驱邪，这可以视为儿童自我状态中的创造性想象和情感表达，但工匠们通过成人自我状态将其转化为具体的艺术形式，平衡了情感与理性。整体上，巴厘岛的金属加工过程是一个成人自我状态主导的沟通系统，工匠们基于现实评估、技能应用和文化理解，创造出既美观又有意义的作品，这符合TA理论中成人自我状态促进有效沟通和问题解决的理念。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题
在实践上，巴厘岛金属加工技术中体现的成人自我状态可以应用于多个领域，解决人们的问题。例如，在教育领域，通过教授传统工艺，培养学生的专注力和创造力，解决学习动力不足的问题；在职场中，应用系统化技能传承，提高团队协作效率，解决沟通障碍；在心理健康方面，利用艺术创作作为情绪调节工具，缓解焦虑和压力；在文化保护中，通过成人自我状态的理性规划，保存濒危技艺，解决文化流失问题；在个人成长中，鼓励基于价值观的自我表达，增强自信心；在社区建设中，促进代际交流，解决孤独感；在创意产业中，融合传统与现代设计，解决创新瓶颈；在旅游推广中，展示工艺背后的故事，解决体验浅表化问题；在跨文化沟通中，使用符号语言传递善意，解决误解；在可持续发展中，倡导手工艺消费，解决过度消费问题。这些应用都基于成人自我状态的理性、适应性和目标导向，帮助人们在各个层面实现更好的沟通和成长。