英文原文
What are Ego States? An ego state is a way in which we think, feel and behave, making up our personality at a given time. These states are thinking and feeling as a Parent, Adult, Child. One of the most prominent aspects of the personality theory of Transactional Analysis (Berne, 1961) is the ego state concept. Eric Berne suggested that an ‘ego state’ may be described phenomenologically as a coherent system of feelings related to a given subject, and operationally as a set of coherent behavior patterns; or pragmatically, as a system of feelings which motivates a related set of behavior patterns. Berne developed Transactional Analysis after his training in psychoanalysis. Although Berne made major contributions to the ego state theory, he did not coin the term ‘ego’ or ‘ego state’ as the word ‘ego‘ is Latin meaning ‘I’ or ‘self’. Berne built upon Sigmund Freud’s model of the id, ego and super-ego and adapted post-Freudian Paul Federn’s concepts of ego states, which supplemented Freud’s ideas with observable behaviour. There are two basic models of ego states the structural model and the functional model (referred to as the behavioural model in the latest version of the ‘TA 101’ syllabus). To understand what an ego state is, referring to the two basic models helps explain and get to grips with the theory. Starting with the structural model, it uses three stacked circles and is one of the elementary units of Transactional Analysis. Each ego state starts with a capital letter to denote the difference between actual parents, adults and children as shown below. The theory suggests that our personality is divided, but not necessarily in equal proportions, into the Parent, the Adult and the Child ego states. The Parent ego state refers to the behaviours, thoughts and feelings that are copied, learned or even borrowed from our parents, parental figures, or significant others. Parental figures/significant others are not necessarily biological, but maybe someone with power, authority or influence that have had an impact on us during our childhood. These may be teachers, priests, or even movie heroes. The Adult ego state operates in the here and now and rationally processes what we are thinking and feeling, which is based on facts without interference of unconscious contamination. We are thinking and responding appropriately, displaying logical and consistent behaviour. Put simply, this is us being us, without those external influences of our Parent and Child ego states. The Child ego state is not when we are acting childish, or what others perceive as childish behaviour. It is how we behaved, thought and felt, replayed out as we did as a child. These adaptive behaviours can be immediate and act as a survival instinct within us, putting obstacles in the way of our own growth. These are archaic memories that we are unable to remember on a conscious level, but lie within our unconscious. The functional model diagrams how we use what is in the structural model, and reflects the descriptions of the component parts of the ego states. Subdividing the states and giving them behavioural descriptions enables a more explicit way of observing behaviour. The Parent is divided into Controlling Parent (sometimes still described as Critical Parent) and Nurturing Parent. The Child is divided into Adapted Child and Free Child. Controlling and Adapted are on the left of the diagram, with Nurturing and Free on the right, although not for any reason that I have been able to establish apart from it needs to go somewhere in order to diagram. Behaving, thinking and feeling in ways we have copied from our parents, like criticizing someone, I am said to be in Controlling Parent. For example, I may say something like “Don’t run out in the road” to a child. Alternatively, when I replay the behaviours my parents showed me when they tucked me into bed when I am ill, looking after and caring for me, I am said to be in Nurturing Parent. Adapting to the demands of my parents or parental figures, behaving, thinking and feeling in ways that were imprinted on us as a child, I am said to be in Adapted Child. Without parental pressures or demands, and acting as we wanted to without influence, like simply playing or making a sand castle and losing ourselves in our own world, we are said to be in Free Child. With this theory, it now starts to become clear that the theory is observable, and expands on the basic structural model. Berne (1961, p. 76) listed four ways of recognising ego states and how they manifest into observable behaviours. He called them behavioural, social, historical and phenomenological diagnosis. He suggests you could achieve a more exact diagnosis using more than one therapeutic analysis at a time, with behavioural diagnosis being the most important with the other three assisting. Observing behaviour is a way to find what ego state a person is in by listening to their words, the tone in which they are used, body language, skin tone, hand gestures, facial expressions, body posture, eye movements and so on. Observing the clues of the here and now within the counselling environment is referred to as ‘Immediacy‘. A historical diagnosis relates to interactions and experiences as a child with parents and parental figures. If decorating at my home is discussed, this can place us in our Negative Adapted Child, as I would make a groaning noise and say something like, “Oh I hate decorating, it’s boring and I can’t be bothered“. A good question for this may be “How did your parents act when they were decorating your home as a child?“ A phenomenological diagnosis may be described as re-experiencing the past, rather just remembering it. Berne (1961) states that “a phenomenological diagnosis is validated if the individual can fully re-experience in full intensity, with little weathering“. One way in which this theory could be used is by sitting in a chair, asking a parent (virtually in front of you) why he reacted the way he did with a particular experience you recall., and to see how that plays out.
中文翻译
什么是自我状态？自我状态是我们思考、感受和行为的方式，构成了我们在特定时刻的人格。这些状态包括父母、成人、儿童三种。沟通分析心理学（伯恩，1961）人格理论最突出的方面之一是自我状态概念。埃里克·伯恩提出，“自我状态”可以从现象学上描述为与特定主题相关的情感连贯系统，从操作上描述为一套连贯的行为模式；或者从实用角度，描述为激发相关行为模式的情感系统。伯恩在接受精神分析培训后发展了沟通分析心理学。尽管伯恩对自我状态理论做出了重大贡献，但他并未创造“自我”或“自我状态”一词，因为“自我”在拉丁语中意为“我”或“自身”。伯恩基于西格蒙德·弗洛伊德的本我、自我和超我模型，并改编了后弗洛伊德主义者保罗·费登的自我状态概念，后者用可观察的行为补充了弗洛伊德的思想。自我状态有两种基本模型结构模型和功能模型（在最新版“TA 101”大纲中称为行为模型）。要理解什么是自我状态，参考这两种基本模型有助于解释和掌握理论。从结构模型开始，它使用三个堆叠的圆圈，是沟通分析心理学的基本单元之一。每个自我状态以大写字母开头，以区分实际的父母、成人和儿童，如下所示。该理论表明，我们的人格被划分为父母、成人和儿童自我状态，但不一定比例相等。父母自我状态指的是从父母、父母形象或重要他人那里复制、学习甚至借用的行为、思想和感受。父母形象/重要他人不一定是生物学的，但可能是童年时期对我们有影响的拥有权力、权威或影响力的人。这些可能是老师、牧师，甚至是电影英雄。成人自我状态在此时此地运作，理性处理我们的思考和感受，基于事实而不受无意识污染的干扰。我们思考和反应恰当，表现出逻辑一致的行为。简而言之，这就是我们本身，没有父母和儿童自我状态的外部影响。儿童自我状态不是我们表现得幼稚，或他人认为的幼稚行为。它是我们童年时期的行为、思考和感受的重演。这些适应性行为可能是即时的，并作为我们内部的生存本能，阻碍我们自身的成长。这些是我们无法在意识层面记住的古老记忆，但存在于无意识中。功能模型图示了我们如何使用结构模型中的内容，并反映了自我状态组成部分的描述。细分状态并赋予行为描述，使得观察行为的方式更加明确。父母自我状态分为控制型父母（有时仍描述为批判型父母）和养育型父母。儿童自我状态分为适应型儿童和自由型儿童。控制型和适应型在图的左侧，养育型和自由型在右侧，尽管我无法确定任何原因，除了需要放在某个位置以便图示。以我们从父母那里复制的方式行为、思考和感受，比如批评某人，我被认为处于控制型父母状态。例如，我可能对孩子说“不要跑到路上去”。或者，当我重演父母在我生病时给我盖被子的行为，照顾和关心我时，我被认为处于养育型父母状态。适应父母或父母形象的要求，以童年时期烙印在我们身上的方式行为、思考和感受，我被认为处于适应型儿童状态。没有父母的压力或要求，按照我们想要的方式行动而不受影响，比如简单地玩耍或建造沙堡，沉浸在自己的世界中，我们被认为处于自由型儿童状态。有了这个理论，现在开始清楚该理论是可观察的，并扩展了基本结构模型。伯恩（1961，第76页）列出了四种识别自我状态及其如何表现为可观察行为的方法。他称之为行为、社会、历史和现象学诊断。他建议可以同时使用多种治疗分析来实现更精确的诊断，其中行为诊断最重要，其他三种辅助。观察行为是通过倾听一个人的话语、使用的语调、肢体语言、肤色、手势、面部表情、身体姿势、眼球运动等来发现他们处于哪种自我状态的方法。在咨询环境中观察此时此地的线索被称为“即时性”。历史诊断涉及童年时期与父母和父母形象的互动和经历。如果讨论在我家装修，这可能将我们置于负面适应型儿童状态，因为我会发出呻吟声并说类似“哦，我讨厌装修，它很无聊，我懒得做”的话。对此的一个好问题可能是“你小时候父母装修你家时是怎么做的？”现象学诊断可能被描述为重新体验过去，而不仅仅是记住它。伯恩（1961）指出，“如果个体能够以完全强度重新体验，几乎没有磨损，则现象学诊断是有效的”。使用该理论的一种方式是坐在椅子上，问父母（虚拟在你面前）为什么他以你回忆的特定经历的方式反应，并看看那如何展开。
文章概要
本文介绍了沟通分析心理学中的自我状态理论，包括结构模型（父母、成人、儿童）和功能模型（控制型父母、养育型父母、适应型儿童、自由型儿童），并探讨了识别自我状态的方法（行为、社会、历史、现象学诊断）。结合关键词“电影分析中的成人自我状态”，文章强调了成人自我状态在此时此地理性运作的特点，以及如何通过观察行为在电影角色分析中应用该理论。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容想象一下，我们每个人心里都有三个小房间，一个叫“父母房间”，里面放着我们从爸爸妈妈或重要大人那里学来的想法和做法；一个叫“成人房间”，里面是我们自己现在真实的想法，很冷静、讲道理；还有一个叫“儿童房间”，里面是我们小时候的感觉和行为。在电影里，当角色很理智地解决问题时，他们就像待在“成人房间”里，这可以帮助我们理解电影故事。
TA沟通分析心理学理论评价从沟通分析心理学理论来看，本文清晰阐述了自我状态的核心概念，特别是成人自我状态作为理性、基于事实的运作模式，这体现了伯恩理论中“此时此地”的原则。文章将结构模型与功能模型结合，展示了自我状态的可观察性和实用性，符合沟通分析心理学强调行为诊断和人际互动的特点。成人自我状态在理论中被描述为不受无意识污染，这突出了沟通分析心理学对意识层面处理和现实导向的重视，为分析个体在情境中的适应性提供了框架。
在实践上可以应用的领域和可以解决人们的十个问题。在实践上，成人自我状态理论可应用于电影分析领域，帮助观众和评论家深入理解角色行为和剧情发展。它可以解决人们的十个问题，包括1. 识别电影角色在关键时刻的理性决策过程，2. 分析角色互动中的沟通模式，3. 理解角色成长弧线中的自我状态转变，4. 评估电影主题对观众成人自我状态的激发，5. 通过角色行为预测剧情走向，6. 比较不同电影中成人自我状态的表达方式，7. 增强观众对电影情感共鸣的理性反思，8. 支持电影教育中的心理素养培养，9. 促进电影创作中的角色深度开发，10. 帮助电影治疗中利用成人自我状态进行情绪调节。